Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2017. Том 62. № 3. C. 50-75
DOI: 10.12737/article_5927fc2939abe0.63201589
В. Рюм (Werner Rühm)1, Г. Волощак (Gayle E. Woloschak)2, Р. Шор (Roy E. Shore)3, Т.В. Азизова (Tamara V. Azizova)4, Б. Гроше (Bernd Grosche)5, О. Нива (Ohtsura Niwa)6, С. Акиба (Suminori Akiba)7, Т. Оно (Tetsuya Ono)8, К. Сузуки (Keiji Suzuki)9, Т. Ивасаки (Toshiyasu Iwasaki)10, Н. Бан (Nobuhiko Ban)11, М. Кай (Michiaki Kai)12, К. Клемен (Christopher H. Clement)13, С. Буфлер (Simon Bouffler)14, Х. Тома (Hideki Toma)15, Н. Хамада (Nobuyuki Hamada)13
ЭФФЕКТЫ ДОЗЫ И МОЩНОСТИ ДОЗЫ ИОНИЗИРУЮЩЕГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ – ДИСКУССИЯ С ПОЗИЦИИ РАДИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ*
1. Институт радиационной защиты, Центр Гельмгольца, Мюнхен, Центр исследований в области состояния окружающей среды Германии, Нойэрберг, Германия; 2. Отделение радиационной онкологии, Северо-западный университет, Медицинский колледж Фаенберга, Иллинойс, Чикаго, США; 3. Фонд исследования радиационных эффектов, Хиросима, Япония; 4. Южно?уральский институт биофизики, Озерск, Россия; 5. Федеральное управление радиационной защиты, Обершляйсхайм, Германия; 6. Медицинский университет Фукусимы, Фукусима, Япония; 7. Подразделение экологии и превентивной медицины, Докторантура медицинских и стоматологических наук Университета Кагосимы, Кагосима, Япония; 8. Институт наук об окружающей среде, Аомори-кен, Роккасо, Япония; 9. Отделение радиационных медицинских наук, Институт заболеваний, вызванных атомной бомбардировкой, Университет Нагасаки, Нагасаки, Япония; 10. Центр исследований радиационной безопасности, Лаборатория исследований ядерных технологий, Центральный исследовательский институт электроэнергетической промышленности (CRIEPI), Токио, Япония; 11. Факультет медсестринского дела, Университет здравоохранения Токио, Токио, Япония; 12. Отделение наук о здоровье окружающей среды, Университет медицинской помощи и здоровья, Оита, Мегусуно, Япония; 13. Международная комиссия по радиологической защите (МКРЗ), Онтарио, Оттава, Канада, e-mail: Этот адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра. ; 14. Центр изучения рисков, возникающих от воздействия радиации, химических веществ и факторов окружающей среды, Министерство здравоохранения Великобритании, Дидкот, Чилтон, Великобритания; 15. Компания JAPANNUS, Ltd., Синдзуку-Ку, Япония
Реферат
Биологические эффекты ионизирующего излучения в малых дозах и с низкой мощностью дозы всегда вызывали большой интерес. В настоящее время Международная комиссия по радиологической защите (МКРЗ) предлагает экстраполировать результаты эпидемиологических исследований по оценке влияния больших доз и высоких мощностей доз излучений на малые дозы и низкие мощности дозы, актуальные для современной системы радиологической защиты, применяя так называемый коэффициент эффективности дозы и мощности дозы (DDREF). В статье представлена дискуссия по этой проблеме, организованная экспертами МКРЗ и Японии. Представлено историческое развитие концепта DDREF в свете современных научных данных об эффектах доз и мощностей доз облучения. Обобщены выводы, к которым относительно DDREF в последнее время пришли различные международные организации (например, Комиссия по биологическим эффектам ионизирующих излучений, МКРЗ, Комиссия по радиационной защите Германии, Научный комитет по действию атомной радиации Организации Объединенных Наций и Всемирная организация здравоохранения). Представлены результаты научно-исследовательских работ, направленных на получение новых знаний об эффектах облучения в малых дозах и с низкой мощностью дозы на молекулярном, клеточном уровнях и на уровне организма животных и человека. Обсуждены планы на будущее, направленные на улучшение и оптимизацию концепта DDREF, применяемого в целях радиологической защиты.
Ключевые слова: радиационный риск, малые дозы, малые мощности доз, линейная беспороговая модель, коэффициент эффективности дозы и мощности дозы, МКРЗ
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Akiba S, Mizuno S (2012) The third analysis of cancer mortality among Japanese nuclear workers, 1991–2002: estimation of excess relative risk per radiation dose. J Radiol Prot 32:73–83
Beels L, Bacher K, De Wolf D, Werbrouck J, Thierens H (2009) γ-H2AX foci as a biomarker for patient X-ray exposure in paediatric cardiac catheterization: are we underestimating radiation risks? Circulation 120:1903–1909
Beels L, Werbrouck J, Thierens H (2010) Dose response and repair kinetics of γ-H2AX foci induced by in vitro irradiation of whole blood and T-lymphocytes with X- and γ -radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 86:760–768
Birschwilks M, Gruenberger M, Adelmann C, Tapio S, Gerber G, Schofield PN, Grosche B (2011) The European radiobiological archives: online access to data from radiobiological experiments. Radiat Res 175:526–531
Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Muirhead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M, Yoshimura T, Bermann F, Cowper G, Fix J, Hacker C, Heinmiller B, Marshall M, Thierry-Chef I, Utterback D, Ahn YO, Amoros E, Ashmore P, Auvinen A, Bae JM, Solano JB, Biau A, Combalot E, Deboodt P, Diez Sacristan A, Eklof M, Engels H, Engholm G, Gulis G, Habib R, Holan K, Hyvonen H, Kerekes A, Kurtinaitis J, Malker H, Martuzzi M, Mastauskas A, Monnet A, Moser M, Pearce MS, Richardson DB, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rogel A, Tardy H, Telle-Lamberton M, Turai I, Usel M, Veress K (2005) Risk of cancer after low doses of ionizing radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries. BMJ 331:77
Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Muirhead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M, Yoshimura T, Bermann F, Cowper G, Fix J, Hacker C, Heinmiller B, Marshall M, Thierry-Chef I, Utterback D, Ahn YO, Amoros E, Ashmore P, Auvinen A, Bae JM, Bernar J, Biau A, Combalot E, Deboodt P, Diez Sacristan A, Eklöf M, Engels H, Engholm G, Gulis G, Habib RR, Holan K, Hyvonen H, Kerekes A, Kurtinaitis J, Malker H, Martuzzi M, Mastauskas A, Monnet A, Moser M, Pearce MS, Richardson DB, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rogel A, Tardy H, Telle-Lamberton M, Turai I, Usel M, Veress K (2007) The 15-country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: estimates of radiation-related cancer risks. Radiat Res 167:396–416
Carnes BA, Fritz TE (1991) Responses of the beagle to protracted irradiation. I. Effect of total dose and dose rate. Radiat Res 128:125–132
Carnes BA, Fritz TE (1993) Continuous irradiation of beagles with γ rays. Radiat Res 136:103–110
Cologne J, Preston DL (2001) Impact of comparison group on cohort dose response regression: an example using risk estimation in atomic-bomb survivors. Health Phys 80:491–496
Daniels RD, Bertke S, Waters KM, Schubauer-Berigan MK (2013) Risk of leukaemia mortality from exposure to ionising radiation in US nuclear workers: a pooled case-control study. Occup Environ Med 70:41–48
Darby S, Hill D, Auvinen A, Barros-Dios JM, Baysson H, Bochicchio F, Deo H, Falk R, Forastiere F, Hakama M, Heid I, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Lagarde F, Mäkeläinen I, Muirhead C, Oberaigner W, Pershagen G, Ruano-Ravina A, Ruosteenoja E, Rosario AS, Tirmarche M, Tomásek L, Whitley E, Wichmann HE, Doll R (2005) Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. BMJ 330:223
Degteva MO, Kozheurov VP, Tolstykh EI, Vorobiova MI, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA, Kovtun AN (2000) The Techa River dosimetry system: methods for the reconstruction of internal dose. HealthPhys 79:24–35
Degteva MO, Vorobiova MI, Tolstykh EI, Shagina NB, Shishkina EA, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA, Bougrov NG, Shved VA, Tokareva EE (2006) Development of an improved dose reconstruction system for the Techa River population affected by the operation of the Mayak Production Association. Radiat Res 166:255–270
Degteva MO, Shagina NB, Tolstykh EI, Vorobiova MI, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA (2009) Individual dose calculations with use of the Revised Techa River Dosimetry System TRDS-2009D. Final Report for Milestone 22. Chelyabinsk, Russia and Sault Lake City, Utah: Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine and University of Utah
Degteva MO, Shagina NB, Vorobiova MI, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA (2012) Reevaluation of waterborne releases of radioactive materials from the Mayak Production Association into the Techa River in 1949-1951. Health Phys 102:25–38
Gerber G, Watson C, Sugahara T, Okada S (1996) International radiobiology archives of long-term animal studies I. Descriptions of participating institutions and studies. Retrieved from http://www.ustur.wsu.edu/NRA/pdf/IRA.pdf
Ghandhi SA, Smilenov LB, Elliston CD, Chowdhury M, Amundson SA (2015) Radiation dose-rate effects on gene expression for human biodosimetry. BMC Med Genomics 8:22
Grudzenski S, Raths A, Conrad S, Rube CE, Lobrich M (2010) Inducible response required for repair of low dose radiation damage in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:14205–14210
Haley B, Wang Q, Wanzer B, Vogt S, Finney L, Yang PL, Paunesku T, Woloschak G (2011) Past and future work on radiobiology mega-studies: a case study at Argonne National Laboratory. Health Phys 100:613–621
Haley B, Paunesku T, Grdina D, Woloschak G (2015) Animal mortality risk increase following low-LET radiation exposure is not linear-quadratic. PLOS ONE (submitted in June 2015)
Hamada N, Maeda M, Otsuka K, Tomita M (2011) Signaling pathways underpinning the manifestations of ionizing radiation-induced bystander effects. Curr Mol Pharmacol 4:79–95
Hayata I, Wang C, Zhang W, Chen D, Minamihisamatsu M, Morishima H, Wei L, Sugahara T (2004) Effect of high level natural radiation on chromosomes of residents in southern China. Cytogenet Genome Res 104:237–239
High Background Radiation Research Group, China (1980) Health survey in high background radiation area in China. Science 209:877–880
Hoel DG (2015) Comments on the DDREF estimate of the BEIR VII Committee. Health Phys 108:351–356
Hosoda M, Tokonami S, Omori Y, Sahoo SK, Akiba S, Sorimachi A, Ishikawa T, Nair RR, Jayalekshmi PA, Sebastian P, Iwaoka K, Akata N, Kudo H (2015) Estimation of external dose by carborne survey in Kerala, India. PLOS ONE 10:e0124433
Hsu W-L, Preston DL, Soda M, Sugiyama H, Funamoto S, Kodama K, Kimura A, Kamada N, Dohy H, Tomonaga M, Iwanaga M, Miyazaki Y, Cullings HM, Suyama A, Ozasa K, Shore RE, Mabuchi K (2013) The Incidence of Leukemia, Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma among Atomic Bomb Survivors: 1950–2001. Radiat Res 179:361–382
ICRP (1991) 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Ann ICRP 21(1–3)
ICRP (2005) Low-dose extrapolation of radiation-related cancer risk. ICRP Publication 99. Ann ICRP 35(4)
ICRP (2007) The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann ICRP 7(2–4)
ICRP (2013a) ICRP Main Commission Meeting. April 15 to 18, 2013—Cambridge, UK. http://www.icrp.org/docs/Summary %20of %20April %202013 %20Main %20Commission %20Meeting %20in %20Cambridge %20UK.pdf?ICRP (2013b) Task Group 91. Radiation risk inference at low-dose and low-dose rate exposure for radiological protection purposes.http://www.icrp.org/icrp_group.asp?id=83
ICRP (2015) Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 131. Ann ICRP 44(3–4)
Jacob P, Ruehm W, Walsh L, Blettner M, Hammer G, Zeeb H (2009) Is cancer risk of radiation workers larger than expected? Occup Environ Med 66:789–796
Jayalekshmi P, Rajan B (2007) Cancer incidence in Karunagappally 1998–2002, Kerala, India. In: Cuardo MP, Edwards B, Shin HR, Storm H, Ferlay J, Heanue M, Boyle P, eds. Cancer incidence in five continents, vol IX. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; IARC Publication 160
Kajita M, Fujita Y (2015) EDAC: Epithelial defence against cancer cell competition between normal and transformed epithelial cells in mammals. J Biochem 158:15–23
Kellerer AM, Rossi HH (1972) The theory of dual radiation action. Curr Top Radiat Res Q 8:85–158
Kendall GM, Little MP, Wakeford R, Bunch KJ, Miles JC, Vincent TJ, Meara JR, Murphy MF (2013) A record-based case-control study of natural background radiation and the incidence of childhood leukaemia and other cancers in Great Britain during 1980-2006. Leukemia 27:3–9
Khokhryakov VV, Khokhryakov VF, Suslova KG, Vostrotin VV, Vvedensky VE, Sokolova AB, Krahenbuhl MP, Birchall A, Miller SC, Schadilov AE, Ephimov AV (2013) Mayak Workers Dosimetry System 2008 (MWDS-2008): assessment of internal α-dose from measurement results of plutonium activity in urine. Health Phys 104:366–378
Krestinina LY, Davis FG, Schonfeld S, Preston DL, Degteva M, Epifanova S, Akleev AV (2013) Leukemia incidence in the Techa River Cohort: 1953–2007. Br J Cancer 109:2886–2893
Kudo H, Tokonami S, Omori Y, Ishikawa T, Iwaoka K, Sahoo SK, Akata N, Hosoda M, Wanabongse P, Pornnumpa C, Sun Q, Li X, Akiba S (2015) Comparative dosimetry for radon and thoron in high background radiation areas in China. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncv235
Kuznetsova IS, Labutina EV, Hunter N, Haylock R (2015) Radiation risks of leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma incidence among workers at the Mayak PA: 1948–2004. PLOS ONE (submitted in February 2015)
Leuraud K, Richardson DB, Cardis E, Daniels RD, Gillies M, O’Hagan JA, Hamra GB, Haylock R, Laurier D, Moissonnier M, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Thierry-Chef I, Kesminiene A (2015) Ionising radiation and risk of death from leukaemia and lymphoma in radiation-monitored workers (INWORKS): an international cohort study. Lancet Haematol 2:e276–e281
Loebrich M, Jeggo P (2007) The impact of a negligent G2/M checkpoint on genomic instability and cancer induction. Nat Rev Cancer 7:861–869
Loucas BD, Eberle R, Bailey SM, Cornforth MN (2004) Influence of dose rate on the induction of simple and complex chromosome exchanges by γ rays. Radiat Res 162:339–349
Manning G, Kabacik Finnon P, Bouffler S, Badie C (2013) High and low dose responses of transcriptional biomarkers in ex vivo X-irradiated human blood. Int J Radiat Biol 89:512–522
Manning G, Taylor K, Finnon P, Lemon JA, Boreham DR, Badie C (2014) Quantifying murine bone marrow and blood radiation dose response following 18F-FDG PET with DNA damage biomarkers. Mutat Res 770:29–36
Morgan WF, Sowa MB (2015) Non-targeted effects induced by ionizing radiation: mechanisms and potential impact on radiation induced health effects. Cancer Lett 356:17–21
Nair MK, Amma S, Mani KS (1997) India, Karunagappally 1990–1994. In: Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Raymond L, Young J, eds. Cancer incidence in five continents, vol VII. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; IARC Publication 143:350–353
Nair MK, Gangadharan P, Jayalakshmi P, Mani KS (2002) Cancer incidence in Karunagappally 1993–1997, Kerala, India. In: Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Teppo L, Thomas DB, eds. Cancer incidence in five continents, vol VIII. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; IARC Publication 155:240–241
Nair RR, Rajan B, Akiba S, Jayalekshmi P, Nair MK, Gangadharan P, Koga T, Morishima H, Makamura S, Sugahara T (2009) Background radiation and cancer incidence in Kerala, India-Karanagappally cohort study. Health Phys 96:55–66
Nakajima T, Taki K, Wang B, Ono T, Matsumoto T, Oghiso Y, Tanaka K, Ichinohe K, Nakamura S, Tanaka S, Nenoi M (2008) Induction of rhodanese, a detoxification enzyme, in livers from mice after long-term irradiation with low-dose-rate γ-rays. J Radiat Res 49:661–666
NAS (2006) Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation (BEIR VII Phase 2). National Academy Press, Washington
NCRP (1980) Influence of dose and its distribution in time on dose response relationships for low-LET radiations, NCRP Report No. 64. Issued April 1, 1980. Bethesda, Maryland
Neary GJ (1965) Chromosome aberrations and the theory of RBE. General considerations. Int J Radiat Biol 9:477–502
Neumaier T, Swenson J, Pham C, Polyzos A, Lo AT, Yang P, Dyball J, Asaithamby A, Chen DJ, Bissell MJ, Thalhammer S, Costes SV (2012) Evidence for formation of DNA repair centers and dose-response nonlinearity in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:443–448
Ojima M, Furutani A, Ban N, Kai M (2011) Persistence of DNA double strand breaks in normal human cells induced by radiation-induced bystander effect. Radiat Res 175:90–96
Okudaira N, Uehara Y, Fujikawa K, Kagawa N, Ootsuyama A, Norimura T, Saeki K, Nohmi T, Matsumura K, Matsumoto T, Oghiso Y, Tanaka K, Ichinohe K, Nakamura S, Tanaka S, Ono T (2010) Radiation dose-rate effect on mutation induction in spleen and liver of GPT delta mice. Radiat Res 173:138–147
Ostroumova E, Preston DL, Ron E, Krestinina LY, Davis FG, Kossenko M, Akleyev AV (2008) Breast cancer incidence following low-dose rate environmental exposure: Techa River Cohort, 1956–2004. Br J Cancer 99:1940–1945
Otsuka K, Iwasaki T (2015) Effects of dose rates on radiation-induced replenishment of intestinal stem cells determined by Lgr5 lineage tracing. J Radiat Res 56:615–622
Otsuka K, Hamada N, Magae J, Matsumoto H, Hoshi Y, Iwasaki T (2013) Ionizing radiation leads to the replacement and de novo production of colonic Lgr5? stem cells. Radiat Res 179:637–646
Ozasa K, Shimizu Y, Suyama A, Kasagi F, Soda M, Grant EJ, Sakata R, Sugiyama H, Kodama K (2012) Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors, report 14, 1950–2003: an overview of cancer and noncancer diseases. Radiat Res 177:229–243
Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, Funamoto S, Nishi N, Soda M, Mabuchi K, Kodama K (2007) Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958-1998. Radiat Res 168:1–64
Rothkamm K, Loebrich M (2003) Evidence for a lack of DNA double strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low x-ray doses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:5057–5062
Russell WL, Kelly EM (1982) Mutation frequencies in male mice and the estimation of genetic hazards of radiation in men. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:542–544
Schonfeld SJ, Krestinina LY, Epifanova S, Degteva MO, Akleyev AV, Preston DL (2013) Solid cancer mortality in the Techa River cohort (1950–2007). Radiat Res 179:183–189
Searle AG (1974) Mutation induction in mice. Adv Radiat Biol 4:131–207
Shagina NB, Vorobiova MI, Degteva MO, Peremyslova LM, Shishkina EA, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA (2012a) Reconstruction of the contamination of the Techa River in 1949-1951 as a result of releases from the ‘‘MAYAK’’ Production Association. Radiat Environ Biophys 51:349–366
Shagina NB, Tolstakh EI, Degteva MO, Vorobiova MI, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA (2012b) Re-evaluation of radionuclide intakes for Techa River residents on the basis of revised source-term parameters. Health Phys 103:S96–S97
Sokolnikov ME, Preston DL, Gilbert ES, Schonfeld SJ, Koshurnikova NA (2015) Radiation effects on mortality from solid cancers other than lung, liver and bone cancer in the Mayak Worker cohort: 1948–2008. PLoS ONE 10:e0117784
Spycher BD, Lupatsch JE, Zwahlen M, Röösli M, Niggli F, Grotzer MA, Rischewski J, Egger M, Kuehni CE, Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group, Swiss National Cohort Study (2015) Background ionizing radiation and the risk of childhood cancer: a census-based nationwide cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 123:622–628
SSK (2014) Dose- and dose-rate-effectiveness factor (DDREF), Recommendation by the German Commission on Radiological Protection with scientific grounds, http://www.ssk.de/SharedDocs/Beratungsergebnisse_E/2014/DDREF_e.html?nn=2876278
Takai D, Todate A, Yanai T, Ichinohe K, Oghiso Y (2011) Enhanced transplantability of a cell line from a murine ovary granulosa cell tumour in syngeneic B6C3F1 mice continuously irradiated with low dose-rate γ-rays. Int J Radiat Biol 87:729–735
Taki K, Wang B, Nakajima T, Wu Y, Ono T, Uehara Y, Matsumoto T, Oghiso Y, Tanaka K, Ichinohe K, Nakamura S, Tanaka S, Magae J, Kakimoto A, Nenoi M (2009) Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in the kidneys and testes of mice after long-term irradiation with low-dose-rate γ-rays. J RadiatRes 50:241–252
Tanaka S, Tanaka BI 3rd, Sasagawa S, Ichinohe K, Takabatake T, Matsushita S, Matsumoto T, Otsu H, Sato F (2003) No lengthening of life span in mice continuously exposed to γ-rays at very low dose rates. Radiat Res 160:376–379
Tanaka BI 3rd, Tanaka S, Ichinohe K, Matsushita S, Matsumoto T, Otsu H, Oghiso Y, Sato F (2007) Cause of death and neoplasia in mice continuously exposed to very low dose rates of γ-rays. Radiat Res 167:417–437
Tanaka K, Kohda A, Sato K, Toyokawa T, Ichinohe K, Ohtaki M, Oghiso Y (2009) Dose rate effectiveness for unstable-type chromosome aberrations detected in mice after continuous irradiation with low-dose-rate γ-rays. Radiat Res 171:290–301
Tao Z, Akiba S, Zha Y, Sun Q, Zou J, Li J, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Tokonami S, Morishima H, Koga T, Nakamura S, Sugahara T, Wei L (2012) Cancer and non-cancer mortality among inhabitants in the high background radiation area of Yangjiang, China (1979–1998). Health Phys 102:173–181
Tapio S, Schofield PN, Adelmann C, Atkinson MJ, Bard JL, Bijwaard H, Birschwilks M, Dubus P, Fiette L, Gerber G, Gruenberger M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Rozell B, Saigusa S, Warren M, Watson CR, Grosche B (2008) Progress in updating the European Radiobiology Archives. Int J Radiat Biol 84:930–936
Tolstykh EI, Degteva MO, Vorobiova MI, Peremyslova LM, Shagina NB, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA (2006) Reconstruction of longlived radionuclide intakes for Techa Riverside residents. Part 2. Cesium-137. Radiat Safety Problems Mayak Production Association Scientific Journal) Special issue 1:68–79 (in Russian, the English abstract is available separately in the issue)
Tolstykh EI, Degteva MO, Peremyslova LM, Shagina NB, Shishkina EA, Krivoshchapov VA, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA (2011) Reconstruction of long-lived radionuclide intakes for Techa Riverside residents: Strotium-90. Health Phys 101:28–47
Uehara Y, Ito Y, Taki K, Nenoi M, Ichinohe K, Nakamura S, Tanaka S, Ogisho Y, Tanaka K, Matsumoto T, Paunesku T, Wolschak GE, Ono T (2010) Gene expression profiles in mouse liver after long-term low-dose-rate irradiation with γ-rays. Radiat Res 174:611–617
UNSCEAR (1958) Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation General Assembly official records: Thirteenth session Supplement No. 17 (A/3838), http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1958.html
UNSCEAR (1962) Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1962.html
UNSCEAR (1964) Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation General Assembly official records: Nineteenth session Supplement No. 14 (A/5814), http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1964.html
UNSCEAR (1969) Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1969.html
UNSCEAR (1977) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1977 Report to the General Assembly, with Annexes, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1977.html
UNSCEAR (1986) Genetic and somatic effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1986 Report to the General Assembly, with Annexes General Assembly Official Records: Forty-first session, Supplement No. 16 (A/41/16), http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1986.html
UNSCEAR (1988) Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1988 Report to the General Assembly, with Annexes, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1986.html
UNSCEAR (1993) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
UNSCEAR 1993 Report to the General Assembly, with ScientificAnnexes, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1993.html
UNSCEAR (1994) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 1994 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1994.html
UNSCEAR (2000) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html
UNSCEAR (2006) Effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2006 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2006_1.html
UNSCEAR (2010) Summary of low-dose radiation effects on health, http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2010/UNSCEAR_2010_Report_M.pdf
UNSCEAR (2012) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2012 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2012.html
UNSCEAR (2013) Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2013 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2013_1.html
Vasilenko EK, Khokhryakov VF, Miller SC, Fix JJ, Eckerman K, Choe DO, Gorelov M, Khokhryakov VV, Knyasev V, Krahenbuhl MP, Scherpelz RI, Smetanin M, Suslova K, Vostrotin V (2007) Mayak worker dosimetry study: an overview. Health Phys 93:190–206
Verbiest T, Bouffler S, Nutt SL, Badie C (2015) PU.1 downregulation in murine radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (AML): from molecular mechanism to human AML. Carinogenesis 36:413–419
Vrijheid M, Cardis E, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Muirhead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M, Yoshimura T, Ahn YO, Ashmore P, Auvinen A, Bae JM, Engels H, Gulis G, Habib RR, Hosoda Y, Kurtinaitis J, Malker H, Moser M, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rogel A, Tardy H, Telle-Lamberton M, Turai I, Usel M, Veress K (2007a) The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk Among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: design, epidemiological methods and descriptive results. Radiat Res 167:361–379
Vrijheid M, Cardis E, Ashmore P, Auvinen A, Bae JM, Engels H, Gilbert E, Gulis G, Habib R, Howe G, Kurtinaitis J, Malker H, Muirhead C, Richardson D, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rogel A, Schubauer-Berigan M, Tardy H, Telle-Lamberton M, Usel M, Veress K (2007b) Mortality from diseases other than cancer following low doses of ionizing radiation: results from the 15-Country Study of nuclear industry workers. Int J Epidemiol 36:1126–1135
Wang ZY, Boice JD Jr, Wei LX, Beebe GW, Zha YR, Kaplan MM, Tao ZF, Mazon HR 3rd, Zhang SZ, Schneider AB, Tan B, Wesseler TA, Chen D, Ershow AG, Kleinerman RA, Littlefield LG, Preston D (1990) Thyroid nodularity and chromosome aberrations among women in areas of high background radiation in China. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:478–485
Wang Q, Paunesku T, Woloschak G (2010) Tissue and data archives from irradiation experiments conducted at Argonne National Laboratory over a period of four decades. Radiat Environ Biophys 49:317–324
WHO (2013) Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami based on a preliminary dose estimation. World Health Organization, Geneva
* Представленный материал является переводом англоязычной оригинальной статьи, опубликованной издательством Springer-Verlag GmbH, разрешение на публикацию в России от 26.10.2016. Werner Ruhm, Gayle E. Woloschak, Roy E. Shore, Tamara V. Azizova, Bernd Grosche, Ohtsura Niwa, Suminori Akiba, Tetsuya Ono, Keiji Suzuki, Toshiyasu Iwasaki, Nobuhiko Ban, Michiaki Kai, Christopher H. Clement, Simon Bouffler, Hideki Toma, and Nobuyuki Hamada. Dose and dose–rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection // Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 2015. Vol. 54. P. 379–401, (doi: 10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6
Для цитирования: Рюм В., Волощак Г., Шор Р., Азизова Т. В., Гроше Б., Нива О., Акиба С., Оно Т., Сузуки К., Ивасаки Т., Бан Н., Кай М., Клемен К., Буфлер С., Тома Х., Хамада Н. Эффекты дозы и мощности дозы ионизирующего излучения - дискуссия с позиции радиологической защиты // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2017. Т. 62. № 3. С. 50-75. DOI: 10.12737/article_5927fc2939abe0.63201589
PDF (RUS) Полная версия статьи