JOURNAL DESCRIPTION
The Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety journal ISSN 1024-6177 was founded in January 1956 (before December 30, 1993 it was entitled Medical Radiology, ISSN 0025-8334). In 2018, the journal received Online ISSN: 2618-9615 and was registered as an electronic online publication in Roskomnadzor on March 29, 2018. It publishes original research articles which cover questions of radiobiology, radiation medicine, radiation safety, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and scientific reviews. In general the journal has more than 30 headings and it is of interest for specialists working in thefields of medicine¸ radiation biology, epidemiology, medical physics and technology. Since July 01, 2008 the journal has been published by State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency. The founder from 1956 to the present time is the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and from 2008 to the present time is the Federal Medical Biological Agency.
Members of the editorial board are scientists specializing in the field of radiation biology and medicine, radiation protection, radiation epidemiology, radiation oncology, radiation diagnostics and therapy, nuclear medicine and medical physics. The editorial board consists of academicians (members of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS)), the full member of Academy of Medical Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, corresponding members of the RAS, Doctors of Medicine, professor, candidates and doctors of biological, physical mathematics and engineering sciences. The editorial board is constantly replenished by experts who work in the CIS and foreign countries.
Six issues of the journal are published per year, the volume is 13.5 conventional printed sheets, 88 printer’s sheets, 1.000 copies. The journal has an identical full-text electronic version, which, simultaneously with the printed version and color drawings, is posted on the sites of the Scientific Electronic Library (SEL) and the journal's website. The journal is distributed through the Rospechat Agency under the contract № 7407 of June 16, 2006, through individual buyers and commercial structures. The publication of articles is free.
The journal is included in the List of Russian Reviewed Scientific Journals of the Higher Attestation Commission. Since 2008 the journal has been available on the Internet and indexed in the RISC database which is placed on Web of Science. Since February 2nd, 2018, the journal "Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety" has been indexed in the SCOPUS abstract and citation database.
Brief electronic versions of the Journal have been publicly available since 2005 on the website of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal: http://www.medradiol.ru. Since 2011, all issues of the journal as a whole are publicly available, and since 2016 - full-text versions of scientific articles. Since 2005, subscribers can purchase full versions of other articles of any issue only through the National Electronic Library. The editor of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal in accordance with the National Electronic Library agreement has been providing the Library with all its production since 2005 until now.
The main working language of the journal is Russian, an additional language is English, which is used to write titles of articles, information about authors, annotations, key words, a list of literature.
Since 2017 the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety has switched to digital identification of publications, assigning to each article the identifier of the digital object (DOI), which greatly accelerated the search for the location of the article on the Internet. In future it is planned to publish the English-language version of the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety for its development. In order to obtain information about the publication activity of the journal in March 2015, a counter of readers' references to the materials posted on the site from 2005 to the present which is placed on the journal's website. During 2015 - 2016 years on average there were no more than 100-170 handlings per day. Publication of a number of articles, as well as electronic versions of profile monographs and collections in the public domain, dramatically increased the number of handlings to the journal's website to 500 - 800 per day, and the total number of visits to the site at the end of 2017 was more than 230.000.
The two-year impact factor of RISC, according to data for 2017, was 0.439, taking into account citation from all sources - 0.570, and the five-year impact factor of RISC - 0.352.
Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021. Vol. 66. № 3. P. 19–28
G.P. Frolov, Yu.A. Salenko, M.I. Grachev, I.A. Galstian, V.N. Klochkov
Decontamination of Victims in the Event of a Radiation Accident
at the Stages of Provision Medical Care
AI Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center Moscow, Russia
Contact person: Yuri Anatolyevich Salenko: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Abstract
Purpose: To summarize and analyze the results of research and practical recommendations on the decontamination of victims in the event of radiation accidents, including taking into account the authors’ experience gained in the initial period of the Chernobyl accident (April – August 1986) and in other local radiation accidents (incidents), as well as during emergency exercises.
Results: The indications for carrying out decontamination and the technique of its implementation were considered, a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of skin decontamination agents was presented. Recommendations were formulated for determining the priority (urgency) of carrying out decontamination, depending on the level of external radioactive contamination of the victims. Criteria, rules and methods for carrying out decontamination were proposed for use in relation to the practice of medical and hygienic measures at the stages of medical evacuation (accident site, enterprise health center, enterprise sanitary inspection department, triage site, hospital admission department). The features of decontamination of victims with combined radiation injuries and contaminated wounds (burns) were considered, issues of ensuring the radiation safety of medical personnel who provide assistance to victims are touched upon.
Conclusion: Timely and correctly performed decontamination reduces the exposure of the skin, prevents the entry of radioactive substances into the body and the transfer (spread) of radioactive substances to the subsequent stages of medical evacuation. The main criteria for the urgency (priority) of carrying out decontamination are the levels of radioactive contamination of the skin, contamination nature (radionuclide composition, physicochemical form, etc.) and the presence of victim’s skin lesions (wounds, burns). Decontamination of victims with high levels of radioactive contamination should be considered as a part of the first and subsequent emergency health care and should be carried out as prescribed or with the direct participation of a healthcare professional. At the stages of medical evacuation, decontamination can be carried out if the victim’s condition is stabilized. In the case of a serious condition of the victim, the priority is evacuation to a hospital, while in the prehospital period, as a rule, only partial decontamination of skin areas with high levels of contamination can be carried out. The procedure and rules for decontamination, including the use of skin decontaminating agents, should be reflected in the action plans of the personnel of radiation hazardous enterprises and the plans for medical support of medical units of the FMBA of Russia.
Keywords: radiation accident, victims, decontamination, radioactive contamination, skin decontaminatio, radiation injury, medical care, dosimetric control, personal protective equipment
For citation: Frolov G.P., Salenko Yu.A., Grachev M.I., Galstian I.A., Klochkov V.N. Decontamination of Victims in the Event of a Radiation Accident at the Stages of Provision Medical Care. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021;66(3):19–28.
DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-3-19-28
References
- Ilyin LA. Bases Protect the Body From Exposure to Radioactive Substances. Moscow, Atomizdat Publ., 1977. 256 p. (In Russian).
- Ilyin LA, Norets TA, Shvydko NS, Ivanov EV. Radioactive Substances and Skin (Metabolism and Decontamination). Moscow, Atomizdat Publ., 1972. 304 p. (In Russian).
- Tarasenko NY, Khodyreva MA, Vorobiev AM. Protection and Cleaning of the Skin From Radioactive Contamination. Moscow, Medicine, Publ., 1972. 175 p. (In Russian).
- Khodyreva MA. Hygienic Assessment of the Effectiveness of Certain Detergents in the Treatment of Hands Contaminated with Radioactive Substances. Proceedings of the All-Union Conference on Medical Radiology. Hygiene and Dosimetry Issues. V.1. Moscow, Medgiz Publ., 1957. P. 52-57 (In Russian).
- Khodyreva MA, et al. Skin Decontamination From Transuranic Elements. Hygiene and Sanitation. 1972;12: 57-61 (In Russian).
- Kalistratova VS, Belyaev IK, Zhorova EC, et al. Radiobiology of Incorporated Radionuclides. Ed. Kalistratova VS. Moscow Publ., 2012. 464 p. (In Russian).
- Osanov DP, Ershov EB, Klickov OV, Rackova VA. Kinetics of Dose Distribution in Structural Layers of Skin Contaminated with Radioactive Materials. Health Phys. 1971;20;6:559-66. DOI: 10.1097/00004032-197106000 -00002. PMID: 5568707.
- Osanov DP, Klykov OV. Dosimetric Substantiation of the Permissible Surface Density of Skin Contamination by Beta-Emitters. The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Skin. Moscow Publ., 1970. 31 p. (In Russian).
- Grachev MI, Salenko YuA, Abramov YuV, Frolov GP, Klochkov VN, Kukhta BA, et al. Operational Values of Radioactive Skin Contamination in the Case of Radiological Accident. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2020;65;3:20-6 (In Russian). DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-3-20-26.
- Radiation Safety Standards (RSS-99/2009). Sanitary Rules and Regulations SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09. Moscow Publ., 2009. 100 p. (In Russian).
- Aleksakhin RM, Buldakov LA, Gubanov VA, Drozhko EG, Ilyin LA, Kryshev II, et al. Major Radiation Accidents: Consequences and Protective Measures. Eds. Ilyin LA, Gubanov VA. Moscow, IzdAT Publ., 2001. 752 p. (In Russian).
- Organization of Sanitary-Hygienic and Treatment-and-Prophylactic Measures in Radiation Accidents: Manual. Ed. Ilyin L.A. Moscow Publ., 2005. 524 p. (In Russian).
- Klochkov VN, Avetisov GM, Goncharov SF, Rubtsov VI, Surovtsev NA. Ensuring Radiation Safety of Personnel and the Public During the Mitigation of the Consequences of a Radiation Accident: a Manual for Doctors. Moscow Publ., 2005. 65 p. (In Russian).
- Klochkov VN. Ensuring radiation safety of personnel of nuclear fuel and energy complex Enterprises in Conditions of Radioactive Contamination of Surfaces and air of Industrial Premises. Doctor’s Thesis of Technical Sciences, 05.26.02. Moscow Publ., 2009. 324 p. (In Russian).
- MU 2.6.5.029–2016. Individual Dosimetric Control in the Event Plutonium and Americium. Enter the Wound. General Requirements. Guidelines. (In Russian).
- Typical Content of the Plan of Medical and Sanitary Provision of Personnel and Public by FMBA of Russia Institutions in the Event of a Radiation Accident. Guidelines. Approved Head of FMBA of Russia 16.04.2010. Medical and Sanitary Provision in Case of Radiation Accidents. Collection of Methodological Documents. Moscow Publ., 2018. P. 21-32 (In Russian).
- ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37 (2-4) (In Russian).
- MU 2.6.5.040–2016. Determination of the Dose of Unplanned or Emergency Exposure of Personnel of Enterprises of the State Atomic Energy Corporation "Rosatom".Guidelines (In Russian).
- Ensuring Radiation Safety During Transportation of Victims with Radioactive Contamination. Methodical Recommendations of FMBA of Russia 12.077-15. Moscow Publ., 2015. (In Russian).
- Immediate and Distant Consequences of the Radiation Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The Results of the Work of Scientific and Practical Health Care Institutions to Mitigate the Consequences of the Accident in 1986. Collection of Materials of the All-Union Symposium. Eds. Ilyin LA, Buldakov LA. Moscow Publ., 1987. 773 p. (In Russian).
PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financing. The study had no sponsorship.
Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.
Article received: 23.12.2020.
Accepted for publication: 20.01.2021.