JOURNAL DESCRIPTION
The Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety journal ISSN 1024-6177 was founded in January 1956 (before December 30, 1993 it was entitled Medical Radiology, ISSN 0025-8334). In 2018, the journal received Online ISSN: 2618-9615 and was registered as an electronic online publication in Roskomnadzor on March 29, 2018. It publishes original research articles which cover questions of radiobiology, radiation medicine, radiation safety, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and scientific reviews. In general the journal has more than 30 headings and it is of interest for specialists working in thefields of medicine¸ radiation biology, epidemiology, medical physics and technology. Since July 01, 2008 the journal has been published by State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency. The founder from 1956 to the present time is the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and from 2008 to the present time is the Federal Medical Biological Agency.
Members of the editorial board are scientists specializing in the field of radiation biology and medicine, radiation protection, radiation epidemiology, radiation oncology, radiation diagnostics and therapy, nuclear medicine and medical physics. The editorial board consists of academicians (members of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS)), the full member of Academy of Medical Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, corresponding members of the RAS, Doctors of Medicine, professor, candidates and doctors of biological, physical mathematics and engineering sciences. The editorial board is constantly replenished by experts who work in the CIS and foreign countries.
Six issues of the journal are published per year, the volume is 13.5 conventional printed sheets, 88 printer’s sheets, 1.000 copies. The journal has an identical full-text electronic version, which, simultaneously with the printed version and color drawings, is posted on the sites of the Scientific Electronic Library (SEL) and the journal's website. The journal is distributed through the Rospechat Agency under the contract № 7407 of June 16, 2006, through individual buyers and commercial structures. The publication of articles is free.
The journal is included in the List of Russian Reviewed Scientific Journals of the Higher Attestation Commission. Since 2008 the journal has been available on the Internet and indexed in the RISC database which is placed on Web of Science. Since February 2nd, 2018, the journal "Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety" has been indexed in the SCOPUS abstract and citation database.
Brief electronic versions of the Journal have been publicly available since 2005 on the website of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal: http://www.medradiol.ru. Since 2011, all issues of the journal as a whole are publicly available, and since 2016 - full-text versions of scientific articles. Since 2005, subscribers can purchase full versions of other articles of any issue only through the National Electronic Library. The editor of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal in accordance with the National Electronic Library agreement has been providing the Library with all its production since 2005 until now.
The main working language of the journal is Russian, an additional language is English, which is used to write titles of articles, information about authors, annotations, key words, a list of literature.
Since 2017 the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety has switched to digital identification of publications, assigning to each article the identifier of the digital object (DOI), which greatly accelerated the search for the location of the article on the Internet. In future it is planned to publish the English-language version of the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety for its development. In order to obtain information about the publication activity of the journal in March 2015, a counter of readers' references to the materials posted on the site from 2005 to the present which is placed on the journal's website. During 2015 - 2016 years on average there were no more than 100-170 handlings per day. Publication of a number of articles, as well as electronic versions of profile monographs and collections in the public domain, dramatically increased the number of handlings to the journal's website to 500 - 800 per day, and the total number of visits to the site at the end of 2017 was more than 230.000.
The two-year impact factor of RISC, according to data for 2017, was 0.439, taking into account citation from all sources - 0.570, and the five-year impact factor of RISC - 0.352.
Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2022. Vol. 67. № 3
M.I. Grachev, Yu.A. Salenko, A.V. Simakov,
G.P. Frolov, V.N. Klochkov, Yu.V. Abramov, I.K. Tesnov
Health Effects in Case of Radiation Accidents When Managing Spent Nuclear Fuel
A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
Contact person: Yu.A. Salenko, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To consider the features of potential health effects for personnel and for the population in the event of radiation accidents at facilities for post-reactor spent nuclear fuel management (including spent nuclear fuel pools and general plant storage facilities, transportation of nuclear materials and their subsequent processing at radiochemical plants).
Results: Based on the analysis of publications, the potential radiation consequences for personnel and for the population in the event of various types of radiation accidents at the stages of spent nuclear fuel management were systematized.
Conclusion: Advanced technologies underlying the closed nuclear fuel cycle provide a high level of radiation safety for personnel and for the population. At the same time, a large amount of accumulated radioactive and nuclear materials makes it necessary to maintain the health care system in preparedness at all stages of spent nuclear fuel management. Health effects for personnel may be associated with exposure because of criticality accident and internal intake of fission products of uranium and actinides (by inhalation and through wound surfaces).
In case of accidents at radiochemical production, combined radiation-thermal and radiation-chemical injuries are also possible. The main potential hazard for the population in the event of radiation accident at the spent nuclear fuel storage facility is the contamination of the environment and exposure to long-lived uranium fission products and actinides. This requires clarification and development of appropriate criteria and derived intervention levels for making decisions on protective measures.
Hypothetically, the health effects in case of radiation accident when managing “fresh” spent nuclear fuel can be comparable to a large-scale reactor accident and require urgent protective measures, including evacuation and iodine prophylaxis. An important factor that should also be taken into account when planning health care measures is the need for decontamination of victims.
Keywords: spent nuclear fuel, radiation accident, health effects
For citation: Grachev MI, Salenko YuA, Simakov AV, Frolov GP, Klochkov VN, Abramov YuV, Tesnov IK. Health Effects in Case of Radiation Accidents When Managing Spent Nuclear Fuel. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2022;67(3):13–20.
(In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2022-67-3-13-20
References
1. On Compliance with the Obligations of the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. The Fifth National Report of the Russian Federation. Moscow Publ., 2017. 161 p. (In Russian).
2. Kuryndin A.V., Kirkin A.M., Makovskiy S.V., Gusakov-Stanyukovich I.V. Development of Legal and Regulatory Basis for Approaches to Return of Reprocessing Products of Spent Nuclear Fuel to the Supplier’s State. Yadernaya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost = Nuclear and Radiation Safety Journal. 2020;95;1:15−20. (In Russian).
3. Rachkov V.I., Adamov Ye.O. Scientific and Technical Problems of the Closed Nuclear Fuel Cycle of Two-component Nuclear Power and their Solution in the Project “Proryv”. Zamykaniye Toplivnogo Tsikla Yadernoy Energetiki na Baze Reaktorov na Bystrykh Neytronakh = Closing the Fuel Cycle of Nuclear Power Based on Fast Breeder Reactors. Proceedings of the Conference. Tomsk, 11-12 October, 2018. Moscow Publ., 2020. P. 6−15 (In Russian).
4. Aleksakhin R.M., Buldakov L.A., Gubanov V.A., Drozhko Ye.G., Ilin L.A., Kryshev I.I., et al. Major Radiation Accidents: Consequences and Protective Measures. Ed. Ilin L.A., Gubanov V.A. Moscow, IzdAT Publ., 2001. 752 p. (In Russian).
5. McLaughlin T.P., Monahan Sh.P., Pruvost N.L., Frolov V.V., Ryazanov B.G., Sviridov V.I. A Review of Criticality Accidents. Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-13638. May 2000. New Mexico, Los Alamos, 2003. 210 p.
6. IAEA. Lessons Learned from the Response to Radiation Emergencies (1945-2010). EPR-Lessons Learned. Vienna, IAEA, 2012. 154 p.
7. Solovyev V.Yu., Ilin L.A., Baranov A.Ye. Radiation Incidents Associated with Human Exposure in the Former USSR Before and after Chernobyl. Desyatiletiye posle CHernobylya: otsenka posledstviy avarii = A Decade after Chernobyl: an Assessment of the Consequences of the Accident. Proceedings of the International Conference. IAEA-CN-63/6. Vienna, 8-12 April, 1997. Vienna, IAEA, 1997. P. 601-607.
8. Solovyev V.Yu., Barabanova A.V., Bushmanov A.Yu., Guskova A.K., Ilin L.A. Review of the Medical Consequences of Radiation Accidents in the Former USSR Territory (Burnasyan FMBC of FMBA of Russia Register Data). Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2013;58;1:36-42 (In Russian).
9. The Fukushima Daiichi Accident. Report by the Director General. GC (59)/14. Vienna, IAEA, 2015. 208 p.
10. Report on the Preliminary Fact Finding Mission Following the Accident at the Nuclear Fuel Processing Facility in Tokaimura, Japan. Vienna, IAEA, 1999. 35 p.
11. IAEA. Method for Developing Arrangements for Response to a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency. EPR-METHOD 2003. Updating IAEA-TECDOC-953. Vienna, IAEA, 2003. 269 p.
12. Recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. ICRP. 2007. V.37, No. 2-4. 339 p.
13. Recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiological Protection of People and the Environment in the Event of a Large Nuclear Accident. ICRP Publication 146. ICRP. 2020. V.49, No.4. 142 p.
14. IAEA. Inventory of Accidents and Losses at Sea Involving Radioactive Material. IAEA-TECDOC-1242. Vienna, IAEA, 2001. 69 p.
15. Barinkov O.P., Kanashov B.A., Komarov S.V., Buchelnikov A.Ye., Shapovalov V.I., Morenko A.I. Preparation of the First Air Transportation of Spent Nuclear Fuel, Certified According to the New Rules. Bezopasnost yadernykh tekhnologiy i okruzhayushchey sredy = Nuclear and Environmental Safety. 2011;1:67-71.
(In Russian).
16. Safety Rules for the Transportation of Radioactive Materials. Federal Rules and Regulations. NP-053-16. 2016 (In Russian).
17. IAEA Safety Standards. Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material. 2018 Edition. Specific Safety Requirements No. SSR-6 (Rev.1). Vienna, IAEA, 2018. 165p.
18. Medical Aspects of Countering Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism. Ed. Ilyin L.A. Мoscow, FMBC Im. A.I. Burnasyan Publ., 2018. 392 p. (In Russian).
19. Requirements for planning and ensuring preparedness for the mitigation of the consequences of accidents during the transportation of nuclear materials and radioactive substances. Federal norms and rules. NP-074-06. (In Russian).
20. Zemlyanukhin V.I., Ilyenko Ye.I., Kondratyev A.N., et al. Radiochemical Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuel at Nuclear Power Plants. Moscow: Energoatomizdat Publ., 1989. 280 p. (In Russian).
21. IAEA. The Radiological Accident in the Reprocessing Plant at Tomsk. Vienna: IAEA. 1998. 85 p.
22. Barabanova A.V., Bushmanov A.Yu., Solovyev V.Yu. An Analysis of the Most Severe Cases of Human Irradiation During Radiation Accidents Related to Spontaneous Chain Reaction. Mediko-Biologicheskiye I Sotsialno-Psikhologicheskiye Problemy Bezopasnosti V Chrezvychaynykh Situatsiyakh = Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations. 2011;2:32−38. (In Russian).
23. Barabanova A., Wiley A., Bushmanov A. Dose-dependent Analysis of Acute Medical Effects of Mixed Neutron-gamma Radiation from Selected Severe 235U or 239Pu Criticality Accidents in USSR, United States, and Argentina. Health Physics. 2012;102;4:391−399. DOI: 10.1097/HP.0b013e31823b4b78.
24. Bogatov S.A., Gavrilov S.L., Danilyan V.A., Kiselev V.P. Assessment of Radioactive Release for Several Hypothetical Navy Ship Accidents. Moscow Publ., 2001. 33 p. (In Russian).
25. Sokolnikov M.E., Vostrotin V.V., Yefimov A.V., Vasilenko Ye.K., Romanov S.A. Estimates of Lifetime Risk of Lung Cancer Death under Different Scenarios of 239Pu Inhalation. Radiatsiya i risk = Radiation and Risk. 2015;24;3:59-69.
(In Russian).
26. Khokhryakov V.F. «Doses – 1999, 2000» Consequent Development of Plutonium Dosimetry for «Mayak» Personnel. Voprosy Radiatsionnoy Bezopasnosti = Journal of Radiation Safety Issues. 2004;1:71-82. (In Russian).
27. Khokhryakov V.F., Kudryavtseva T.I., Shevkunov V.A. The Risk of Plutonium and Americium Entering the Body of Workers of a Radiochemical Plant through Injured Skin. Atomnaya Energiya = Atomic Energy. 1994;77;6:445-448. (In Russian).
28. Molokanov A., Kukhta B., Galushkin B. Calculation of Internal Dose and Possible Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides in Case of Plutonium Wounds. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2020;65;6:27−37. DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-6-27-37. (In Russian).
29. Grachev M.I., Salenko Yu.A., Abramov Yu.V., Frolov G.P., Klochkov V.N., Kukhta B.A. Operational Values of Radioactive Skin Contamination in the Case of Radiological Accident. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2020;65;3:20−26. DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-3-20-26 (In Russian).
30. Frolov G.P., Salenko Yu.A., Grachev M.I., Galstyan I.A., Klochkov V.N. Decontamination of Victims in the Event of a Radiation Accident at the Stages of Provision Medical Care. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021;66;3:19−28. DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-3-19-28 (In Russian).
PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financing. The study had no sponsorship.
Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.
Article received: 17.01.2022. Accepted for publication: 15.03.2022.