JOURNAL DESCRIPTION
The Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety journal ISSN 1024-6177 was founded in January 1956 (before December 30, 1993 it was entitled Medical Radiology, ISSN 0025-8334). In 2018, the journal received Online ISSN: 2618-9615 and was registered as an electronic online publication in Roskomnadzor on March 29, 2018. It publishes original research articles which cover questions of radiobiology, radiation medicine, radiation safety, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and scientific reviews. In general the journal has more than 30 headings and it is of interest for specialists working in thefields of medicine¸ radiation biology, epidemiology, medical physics and technology. Since July 01, 2008 the journal has been published by State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency. The founder from 1956 to the present time is the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and from 2008 to the present time is the Federal Medical Biological Agency.
Members of the editorial board are scientists specializing in the field of radiation biology and medicine, radiation protection, radiation epidemiology, radiation oncology, radiation diagnostics and therapy, nuclear medicine and medical physics. The editorial board consists of academicians (members of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS)), the full member of Academy of Medical Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, corresponding members of the RAS, Doctors of Medicine, professor, candidates and doctors of biological, physical mathematics and engineering sciences. The editorial board is constantly replenished by experts who work in the CIS and foreign countries.
Six issues of the journal are published per year, the volume is 13.5 conventional printed sheets, 88 printer’s sheets, 1.000 copies. The journal has an identical full-text electronic version, which, simultaneously with the printed version and color drawings, is posted on the sites of the Scientific Electronic Library (SEL) and the journal's website. The journal is distributed through the Rospechat Agency under the contract № 7407 of June 16, 2006, through individual buyers and commercial structures. The publication of articles is free.
The journal is included in the List of Russian Reviewed Scientific Journals of the Higher Attestation Commission. Since 2008 the journal has been available on the Internet and indexed in the RISC database which is placed on Web of Science. Since February 2nd, 2018, the journal "Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety" has been indexed in the SCOPUS abstract and citation database.
Brief electronic versions of the Journal have been publicly available since 2005 on the website of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal: http://www.medradiol.ru. Since 2011, all issues of the journal as a whole are publicly available, and since 2016 - full-text versions of scientific articles. Since 2005, subscribers can purchase full versions of other articles of any issue only through the National Electronic Library. The editor of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal in accordance with the National Electronic Library agreement has been providing the Library with all its production since 2005 until now.
The main working language of the journal is Russian, an additional language is English, which is used to write titles of articles, information about authors, annotations, key words, a list of literature.
Since 2017 the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety has switched to digital identification of publications, assigning to each article the identifier of the digital object (DOI), which greatly accelerated the search for the location of the article on the Internet. In future it is planned to publish the English-language version of the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety for its development. In order to obtain information about the publication activity of the journal in March 2015, a counter of readers' references to the materials posted on the site from 2005 to the present which is placed on the journal's website. During 2015 - 2016 years on average there were no more than 100-170 handlings per day. Publication of a number of articles, as well as electronic versions of profile monographs and collections in the public domain, dramatically increased the number of handlings to the journal's website to 500 - 800 per day, and the total number of visits to the site at the end of 2017 was more than 230.000.
The two-year impact factor of RISC, according to data for 2017, was 0.439, taking into account citation from all sources - 0.570, and the five-year impact factor of RISC - 0.352.
Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023. Vol. 68. № 1
DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-48-57
M.V. Osipov1, F. Ria2, P.S. Druzhinina3, M.E. Sokolnikov1
Comparative Assessment of the Absorbed Doses Resulted
from Occupational Exposure and Computed Tomography
1Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russia
2Duke University, North Caroline, Durham, US
3P.V. Ramzaev Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Contact person: M.V. Osipov, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Abstract
A comparative assessment of the absorbed doses resulted from computed tomography (CT) examinations, and the dose resulted from occupational external gamma exposure of the “Mayak” workers was carried out. The patients’ diagnostic radiation dose was reconstructed using Monte-Carlo simulation on a population of 58 virtual adult phantoms across 13 CT protocol categories. Archival records of CT examinations of patients were used for the dose reconstruction. Information on technical parameters of scanning was extracted from DICOM files. The study sample has been linked to the Mayak worker register database to identify persons who had professional contact with ionizing radiation. Annual occupational dose records for the Mayak workers were obtained from the Dose-2013 dosimetry system.
In this study, information on 212 patients was collected from 303 records. Among them, 42 Mayak employees were identified, including 24 persons who had non-zero dose of external gamma radiation, and 16 persons with internal alpha radiation dose due to occupational intake of 239Pu. Individual doses absorbed in the organs resulted from exposure to computed tomography and occupational activities has been compared.
The results showed significant variability of the absorbed organ dose depending on the area of CT examination. The brain and lens were subjected to the highest radiation exposure during head CT. The average absorbed dose in brain was 24.5 mGy per single examination (the maximum brain dose accumulated over the entire study period was 82.3 mGy), and 27.7 mGy for the lens of the eye (the maximum lens dose reached 92.9 mGy).
Relevant comparison of the absorbed dose of diagnostic and occupational exposure, accumulated during one year, has been performed. The average estimate of cumulative radiation dose absorbed in the organs during computed tomography was an order of magnitude lower than the one from occupational external gamma exposure of Mayak personnel, except brain dose. Annual CT dose equivalent of external gamma radiation was 2.82.
Keywords: computed tomography, X-ray, occupational exposure, absorbed dose, “Mayak” PA, employees
For citation: Osipov MV, Ria F, Druzhinina PS, Sokolnikov ME. Comparative Assessment of the Absorbed Doses Resulted from Occupational Exposure and Computed Tomography. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;68(1):48–57. (In Russian). DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-48-57
References
1. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 102. Managing Patient Dose in Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT). Ann. ICRP. 2007;37;1:1-79.
2. Barkovskiy A.N., Bratilova A.A., Kormanovskaya T.A., Akhmatdinov R.R. Trends in the Doses of the Population of the Russian Federation in 2003–2018. Radiatsionnaya Gigiyena = Radiation Hygiene. 2020;12;4:96-122 (In Russ.).
3. Druzhinina P.S., Chipiga L.A., Ryzhov S.A., Vodovatov A.V., Berkovich G.V., Smirnov A.V., Yaryna D.V., Yermolina Ye.P., Druzhinina Yu.V. Proposals for the Russian Quality Assurance Program in Computed Tomography. Radiatsionnaya Gigiyena = Radiation Hygiene. 2021;14;1:17-33. https://doi.org/10.21514/1998-426X-2021-14-1-17-33 (In Russ.).
4. Zapolneniye Form Federalnogo Gosudarstvennogo Statisticheskogo Nablyudeniya № 3-DOZ = Filling in the Forms of the Federal State Statistical Observation No. 3-DOZ: Methodological Recommendations for Ensuring Radiation Safety. Approved by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare on February 16, 2007 No. 0100/1659-07-26 (In Russ.).
5. Rȕhm W., Harrison R.M. High CT Doses Return to the Agenda. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2020;59:3-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00827-9.
6. Chipiga L., Bernhardsson C. Patient Doses in Computed Tomography Examinations in Two Regions of the Russian Federation. Rad. Prot. Dosim. 2016;169;1-4:240-244.
7. Brambilla M., Vassileva J., Kuchcinska A., Rehani M.M. Multinational Data on Cumulative Radiation Exposure of Patients from Recurrent Radiological Procedures: Call for Action. European Radiology. 2020;30;5:2493-2501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06528-7.
8. National Research Council (US), Board on Radiation Effects Research. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII, Phase I, Letter Report (1998). Washington, National Academies Press (US), 1998.
9. National Research Council. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII, Phase II. Washington, National Academies Press (US), 2006.
10. Shao Yu-H., Tsai K., Kim S., Yu J., Demissie K. Exposure to Tomographic Scans and Cancer Risks. JNCI Cancer Spectrum. 2020;4;1:pkz072. doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkz072.
11. Mattsson S. Need for Individual Cancer Risk Estimates in X-Ray and Nuclear Medicine Imaging. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2016;169;1-4:1-6. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncw034.
12. Golikov V.Yu., Vodovatov A.V., Chipiga L.A., Shatskiy I.G. Assessment of Radiation Risk in Patients During Medical Examinations in the Russian Federation. Radiatsionnaya Gigiyena = Radiation Hygiene. 2021;14;3:56-68 (In Russ.).
13. Osipov M.V., Vazhenin A.V., Domozhirova A.S., Chernova O.N., Aksenova I.A. Computed Tomography as a Risk Factor in Cancer Patients With Professional Radiation Exposure. Rossiyskiy Elektronnyy Zhurnal Luchevoy Diagnostiki = Russian Electronic Journal of Radiology. 2019;9;1:142-147 (In Russ.).
14. Hunter N., Kuznetsova I.S., Labutina E.V., Harrison J.D. Solid Cancer Incidence other than Lung, Liver and Bone in Mayak Workers: 1948-2004. Br. J. Cancer. 2013;109;7:1989-96. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.543.
15. Fisher D.R., Fahey F.H. Appropriate Use of Effective Dose in Radiation Protection and Risk Assessment. Health Phys. 2017;113;2:102-109. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000000674.
16. Osipov M.V., Shkarednykh V.Yu., Loginov V.S., Melnikov V.V., Druzhinina P.S., Sokolnikov M.E. Retrospective Analysis of Cancer Morbidity among Patients after Computed Tomography. Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene. 2021;14;3:80-90. DOI: 10.21514/1998-426X-2021-14-3-80-90 (In Russ).
17. Lee C., Kim K.P., Bolch W.E., Moroz B.E., Folio L. NCICT: a Computational Solution to Estimate Organ Doses for Pediatric and Adult Patients Undergoing CT Scans. Journal of Radiological Protection. 2015;35;4:891-909. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/35/4/891.
18. Koshurnikova N.A., Shilnikova N.S., Okatenko P.V. Characteristics of the Cohort of Workers at the Mayak Nuclear Complex. Radiation Research. 1999;152;4:352-363.
19. Vostrotin V., Birchall A., Zhdanov A., Puncher M., Efimov A., Napier B., et al. The Mayak Worker Dosimetry System (MWDS-2013): Internal Dosimetry Results. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2017;176;1-2:190-201. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncw268.
20. Vasilenko E.K., Khokhryakov V.F., Miller S.C., Fix J.J., Eckerman K., Choe D.O., et al. Mayak Worker Dosimetry Study: an Overview. Health Phys. 2007;93:190–206.
21. Stata, Stata Statistical Software: Release 7.0, Stata Corporation. College Station, 2001.
22. Birchall A., Puncher M., Harrison J., Riddell A., Bailey M.R., Khokryakov V., Romanov S. Plutonium Worker Dosimetry. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 2010;49;2:203–212.
23. Sahbaee P.W., Segars P., Samei E. Patient-Based Estimation of Organ Dose for a Population of 58 Adult Patients Across 13 Protocol Categories. Medical Physics. 2014;41;7:072104. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4883778.
24. Lee C., Lodwick D., Hurtado J., Pafundi D., Williams J.L., Bolch W.E. The UF Family of Reference Hybrid Phantoms for Computational Radiation Dosimetry. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2010;55;2:339-363.
25. Hardy A.J., Bostani M., Kim G.H.J., Cagnon C.H., Zankl M.A., McNitt-Gray M. Evaluating Size-Specific Dose Estimate (SSDE) as an Estimate of Organ Doses from Routine CT Exams Derived from Monte Carlo Simulations. Med. Phys. 2021;48;10:6160-6173. doi: 10.1002/mp.15128.
26. SanPin 2.6.1.2523-09. Radiation Safety Standards (NRB(99/2009)). Moscow Publ., 2009 (In Russ.).
27. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Annals of the ICRP. 2007;37;2-4:332 p.
28. Nikupaavo U., Kaasalainen T., Reijonen V., Ahonen S.M., Kortesniemi M. Lens Dose in Routine Head CT: Comparison of Different Optimization Methods with Anthropomorphic Phantoms. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2015;204;1:117-123. doi: 10.2214/AJR.14.12763.
29. Poon R., Badawy M.K. Radiation Dose and Risk to the Lens of the Eye During CT Examinations of the Brain. Med. Imaging. Radiat Oncol. 2019;63;6:786-794. doi: 10.1111/1754-9485.12950.
30. Brenner A.V., Sugiyama H., Preston D.L., Sakata R., French B., Sadakane A., Cahoon E.K., Utada M., Mabuchi K., Ozasa K. Radiation Risk of Central Nervous System Tumors in the Life Span Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1958-2009. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2020;35;6:591-600. doi: 10.1007/s10654-019-00599-y.
31. Osipov M.V., Sokolnikov M.E., Fomin Ye.P. Baza Dannykh Kompyuternoy Tomografii Naseleniya g. Ozersk («Registr KT») = Database of Computed Tomography of the Ozersk Population (“CT Register”). Registration Certificate No. 2020622807. 2020. URL: https://new,fips,ru/registers-doc-view/fips_servlet?DB=DB&DocNumber=2020622807&TypeFile=html (Accessed 22.02.2022)
(In Russ.).
32. Osipov M.V., Fomin Ye.P., Sokolnikov M.E. Evaluation of Effects of Diagnostic Exposure Using Data from Epidemiological Registry of Ozyorsk Population Exposed to Computed Tomography. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2020;65;4:65-73. DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-4-65-73 (In Russ.).
33. Brooks A.L. The Impact of Dose Rate on the Linear no Threshold Hypothesis. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2019;301:68-80. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.12.007.
PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financing. The study had no sponsorship.
Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.
Article received: 20.09.2022. Accepted for publication: 25.11.2022.