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The Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety journal ISSN 1024-6177 was founded in January 1956 (before December 30, 1993 it was entitled Medical Radiology, ISSN 0025-8334). In 2018, the journal received Online ISSN: 2618-9615 and was registered as an electronic online publication in Roskomnadzor on March 29, 2018. It publishes original research articles which cover questions of radiobiology, radiation medicine, radiation safety, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and scientific reviews. In general the journal has more than 30 headings and it is of interest for specialists working in thefields of medicine¸ radiation biology, epidemiology, medical physics and technology. Since July 01, 2008 the journal has been published by State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency. The founder from 1956 to the present time is the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and from 2008 to the present time is the Federal Medical Biological Agency.
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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2018. Vol. 63. No. 1. P. 78-82
NON-IONIZING RADIATION
DOI: 10.12737/article_5a85590374b453.27924374
Experimental-Theoretical Research of Laws and Electroacoustic Impedance Characteristics of the Brain of Biological Objects
S.P. Dragan, A.S. Prokofyeva, O.A. Grigoriev, E.A. Kondratyeva, A.D. Kotlyar-Shapirov, D.B. Komarov
A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
S.P. Dragan - Leading Researcher, Dr. Sc. Tech.; A.S. Prokofyeva - Junior Researcher; O.A. Grigoriev - Head of the Dep, Dr. Sc. Biol., Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Electromagnetic Project of the WHO; E.A. Kondratyeva - Engineer-Researcher; A.D. Kotlyar-Shapirov - Engineer-Researcher; D.B. Komarov - Engineer-Researcher
Abstract
Purpose: To determine frequency-dependent impedance characteristics of the brains of the experimental animals.
Material and methods: The developed by us 2-microphone interferometer technology was used in the acoustic impedance characteristics determination. The two standard microphones mounted stationary on a lateral surface of the interferometer measure the sound pressure levels and the phase difference between them. According to these data, the complex reflection coefficient and the impedance components of the test sample mounted on the end of the interferometer are calculated.
The electrical impedance characteristics were measured by two electrodes method with the usage of parallel electrodes. The sample was placed between two electrodes and values of electrical impedance were detected by the electric current flowing through them.
The object of the investigation was the rabbit brain.
Results: The maximum acoustic absorption coefficient of the rabbit’s brain, on average, is registered at a frequency of 160-180 Hz and reaches 0.7. Then, as the frequency increases, the absorption coefficient decreases and at an average frequency of 760 Hz is 0.43. It can be noted that the spread in the data is maximum in the frequency range up to 240 Hz. The coefficient of variation varies from 23 to 10 %. At frequencies above 300 Hz, the coefficient of variation is less than 5 %. A low value of the coefficient of variation indicates a sufficiently accurate and reliable data.
The difference in the magnitude of the spread between low frequencies in comparison with the spreads at medium and high frequencies reaches 2-4 times. This difference is caused by methodological errors. First of all, this is due to the fact that the waveguide is round with a diameter equal to 3.3 cm, and the whole brain of the rabbit resembles in a greater degree an oval. It is impossible for the rabbit’s whole brain to completely cover the circular surface of the waveguide section, there will always be gaps that bring in an element of uncertainty at low frequencies. At higher frequencies, this circumstance no longer affects the measurement error significantly.
The presence of a maximum at frequencies of 160-180 Hz does not correspond to theoretical concepts. With the help of additional experiments with non-biological samples, it was possible to establish that this maximum is caused by an irregular geometric shape of the rabbit’s whole brain. Depending on the position of small dimples in the brain tissue and other irregularities, the maximum of the absorption coefficient appears. Those it is also a methodological error that characterizes rather the degree of overlapping of the waveguide section and the contact surface of the sound wave with the brain.
In this series of experiments, it was also estimated how the values of the acoustic characteristics of the brain of rabbits vary with time. The first measurements were made 10-15 minutes after the extraction of the brain, the second measurement after 20 minutes, the third after 1 hour. It can be noted that the average values are almost identical starting from frequencies from 300 Hz and higher. There are small deviations in the readings at low frequencies. Over time, the absorption coefficient at low frequencies increased from 0.65 to 0.75.
The analysis of the electrical impedance characteristics and loss factor calculations indicates that the range of the loss factor variation at a frequency of 1 kHz, for all experimental animals ranges from 0.04 to 0.07 and at a frequency of 100 kHz - from 0.06 to 0.09.
Conclusion: The represented measuring systems allow obtaining the necessary acoustic and electrical impedance characteristics of biotissues; these data are important for the physical and mathematical modelling of the sound and EM waves’ interaction with the human body.
Key words: impedance, loss coefficient, absorption coefficient, resistivity, acoustical impedance, electrical impedance, 2-microphone technology, two electrodes method, brain, rabbits
REFERENCES
- Dragan SP, Lebedeva IV. [Determination of acoustic characteristics in pipes using two microphones]. Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika [Measurement Techniques]. 1988;(8):52-8. Russian.
- Dragan SP, Lebedeva IV. [Determination of the intensity of the flat sound wave]. Akusticheskij Zhurnal [Acoustic Journal]. 1992;(2):174-8. Russian.
- Dragan SP, Bogomolov AV, Erofeev GG. [Device for measuring the acoustic impedance of the middle ear]. Russian Federation patent for invention RU 2572156; 2015 Dec 12. Russian.
- Dragan SP, Bogomolov AV, Erofeev GG. [Device for impedance studies of respiratory function]. Russian Federation the patent for utility model RU 148484; 2014 Jul 31. Russian.
- Berezovskaya GE, Korytnyj VS. [The role of near-electrode polarization processes in the measurement of electrical conductivity of biological objects]. Biophysics. 1968;13(3):524-8. Russian.
- Tikhomirov AM. [Impedance of biological tissues and its application in medicine]. Russian State Medical University; 2006. 12 p. Russian.
For citation: Dragan SP, Prokofyeva AS, Grigoriev OA, Kondratyeva EA, Kotlyar-Shapirov AD, Komarov DB. Experimental-Theoretical Research of Laws and Electroacoustic Impedance Characteristics of the Brain of Biological Objects. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2018;63(1):78-82. DOI: 10.12737/article_5a85590374b453.27924374. Russian.
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