JOURNAL DESCRIPTION
The Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety journal ISSN 1024-6177 was founded in January 1956 (before December 30, 1993 it was entitled Medical Radiology, ISSN 0025-8334). In 2018, the journal received Online ISSN: 2618-9615 and was registered as an electronic online publication in Roskomnadzor on March 29, 2018. It publishes original research articles which cover questions of radiobiology, radiation medicine, radiation safety, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and scientific reviews. In general the journal has more than 30 headings and it is of interest for specialists working in thefields of medicine¸ radiation biology, epidemiology, medical physics and technology. Since July 01, 2008 the journal has been published by State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency. The founder from 1956 to the present time is the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and from 2008 to the present time is the Federal Medical Biological Agency.
Members of the editorial board are scientists specializing in the field of radiation biology and medicine, radiation protection, radiation epidemiology, radiation oncology, radiation diagnostics and therapy, nuclear medicine and medical physics. The editorial board consists of academicians (members of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS)), the full member of Academy of Medical Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, corresponding members of the RAS, Doctors of Medicine, professor, candidates and doctors of biological, physical mathematics and engineering sciences. The editorial board is constantly replenished by experts who work in the CIS and foreign countries.
Six issues of the journal are published per year, the volume is 13.5 conventional printed sheets, 88 printer’s sheets, 1.000 copies. The journal has an identical full-text electronic version, which, simultaneously with the printed version and color drawings, is posted on the sites of the Scientific Electronic Library (SEL) and the journal's website. The journal is distributed through the Rospechat Agency under the contract № 7407 of June 16, 2006, through individual buyers and commercial structures. The publication of articles is free.
The journal is included in the List of Russian Reviewed Scientific Journals of the Higher Attestation Commission. Since 2008 the journal has been available on the Internet and indexed in the RISC database which is placed on Web of Science. Since February 2nd, 2018, the journal "Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety" has been indexed in the SCOPUS abstract and citation database.
Brief electronic versions of the Journal have been publicly available since 2005 on the website of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal: http://www.medradiol.ru. Since 2011, all issues of the journal as a whole are publicly available, and since 2016 - full-text versions of scientific articles. Since 2005, subscribers can purchase full versions of other articles of any issue only through the National Electronic Library. The editor of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal in accordance with the National Electronic Library agreement has been providing the Library with all its production since 2005 until now.
The main working language of the journal is Russian, an additional language is English, which is used to write titles of articles, information about authors, annotations, key words, a list of literature.
Since 2017 the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety has switched to digital identification of publications, assigning to each article the identifier of the digital object (DOI), which greatly accelerated the search for the location of the article on the Internet. In future it is planned to publish the English-language version of the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety for its development. In order to obtain information about the publication activity of the journal in March 2015, a counter of readers' references to the materials posted on the site from 2005 to the present which is placed on the journal's website. During 2015 - 2016 years on average there were no more than 100-170 handlings per day. Publication of a number of articles, as well as electronic versions of profile monographs and collections in the public domain, dramatically increased the number of handlings to the journal's website to 500 - 800 per day, and the total number of visits to the site at the end of 2017 was more than 230.000.
The two-year impact factor of RISC, according to data for 2017, was 0.439, taking into account citation from all sources - 0.570, and the five-year impact factor of RISC - 0.352.
Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2018. Vol. 63. No. 4. P. 63-75
NON-IONIZING RADIATION
DOI: 10.12737/article_5b83c0638debb0.86408449
M.S. Markov
Electromagnetic Fields in Biosphere: Benefit and Hazard
Research International. Williamsville NY 14221, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Abstract
This paper is written in order to summarizes the role of electromagnetic fields in the origin and evolution of life on Earth, as well as hazard and benefit from electromagnetic fields. It is an attempt to show that today the mankind and the entire biosphere are subjected to a global experiment conducted without protocol, monitoring and even knowing the parameters of the applied electromagnetic fields. At the same time, electromagnetic fields used in magnetotherapy has been proven to be beneficial in treatment of various health problems. Magnetotherapy is non-invasive, safe, and easily applied methods to directly treat the site of injury, the source of pain, and inflammation. The development of advanced communication technologies year after year increases the hazard for the biosphere and mankind. The paper discuses the contradiction between scientists and technological engineers in the line thermal or nonthermal are effects of electromagnetic fields. The specific problems with children health are analyzed. It focused on the facts that at the end of the second decade of this century more aggressive mobile communications, such as 4G and especially 5G are being introduced in the North America and Europe without any attempt to evaluate the hazard for civilization.
Key words: electromagnetic fields, mobile communication, public health, protect children
REFERENCES
- Gilbert W. De Magnete (written in latin). Translated and published by Dower publication; 1600. 368 p.
- Bassett CAL, Pawluk RJ, Pilla AA. Acceleration of fracture repair by electromagnetic fields. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1974;238:242-62.
- Todorov N. Magnetotherapy. Sofia: Meditzina i Physcultura Publishing House; 1982. Bulgarian.
- Kholodov YA. Man in Magnetic Web. Moscow: Nauka; 1976. Russian.
- Polk C, Postow E (eds.). CRC Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 1986.
- Barnes F, Greenebaum B (eds.). Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, 3rd edn. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2007.
- Rosch PJ, Markov MS (eds.) Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. Marcel Dekker, New York. 2004.
- Rosch P (ed.). Bioelectromgnetic and Subtle Energy Medicine. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2015.
- Markov MS, Grigoriev YG. WiFi technology - an uncontrolled experiment on human health. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2013;32(2):200-8.
- Belyaev I. Biophysical mechanisms for non-thermal microwave effects. In: Markov MS (ed.) Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2015.
- Shupak N. Therapeutic uses of pulsed magnetic-field exposure: a review. Radio Sci Bull. 2003;307:9-32.
- Markov MS. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy: history, state of the art and future. Environmentalist. 2007;27:465-75.
- Lin J (ed.). Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 2011.
- Markov MS. Benefit and hazard of electromagnetic fields. In: Markov M (ed.). Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2015. p. 15-29.
- IARC WHO, Classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Press release No. 208; May 31 2011. 3 p.
- Markov MS. Impact of physical factors on the society and environment. Environmentalist. 2012;32 (2):121-30.
- Kane R. Cellular Phones: Russian roulette. Vantage Press Inc. New York. 1995; 241 p.
- Markov MS. Thermal versus nonthermal mechanisms of interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological systems. In: Ayrapetyan SN and Markov M (eds.) Bioelectromagnetics: Current concepts. Dordrecht: Springer; 2006. p. 1-16.
- Markov MS. Biological effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields. In: Ueno S (ed) Biomagnetic Stimulation, New York: Plenum Press; 1994. p. 91-102.
- Oltman R. 5G is coming. Microwave Journal; Oct 2017. p. 40-2.
- Betskii OV, Lebedeva NN. Low-intensity millimeter waves in biology and medicine. In: Rosch PJ and Markov MS (eds.). Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2004. p. 741-60.
- Bassett CAL. Fundamental and practical aspects of therapeutic uses of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs). Critical Review Biomedical Engineering. 1989;17:451-529.
- Bassett CAL. Therapeutic uses of electric and magnetic fields in orthopedics. In: D. Karpenter and S. Ayrapetyan (eds.) Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. San Diego: Academic Press; 1994. p. 13-8.
- Adey WR. Potential therapeutic applications of nontherrmal electromagnetic fields: Ensemble organization of cells in tissue as a factor in biological field sensing. In: Rosch PJ, Markov MS. (eds.) Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2004. p. 1-14.
- Valberg, P. How to plan EMF experiments. Bioelectromagnetics. 1995;16:396-401.
- SanPiN. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF EMR) under occupational and living conditions. Moscow: Minzdrav; 1996. Russian.
- Cho CK, D’Andrea JA. Review of effects of RF fields on various aspects of human health. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24(S6):S5-6.
- Foster K. Bioelectromagnetics pioneer Herman Schwan passed away at age 90. Bioelectromagnetics Newsletter. 2005;2:1-2.
- Schwan HP, Piersol GM. The absorption of electromagnetic energy in body tissues. Rev Phys Med Rehabil. 1954;33(6):371-404.
- Michaelson SM. Human exposure to nonionizing radiant energy - potential hazards and safety standards. Proc. IEEE. 1972;1:389-421.
- Lin JC. Interaction of two cross-polarized electromagnetic waves with mammalian cranial structures. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME. 1977;23(5):371-5.
- Durney CH, Massodi E, Iskander MF. Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook, Rep. SAM-TR-78-22, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. Brooks Air Force Base, Texas; 1978.
- Lin JC. Electromagnetic pulse interaction with mammalian cranial structures. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1976;23:61-3.
- Schwan HP. Microwave radiation; hot spots in conducting spheres by electromagnetic waves and biological implications. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME. 1972;19(1):53-8.
- Schwan HP. Microwave radiation; biophysical considerations and standards criteria. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME. 1972;19(4):304-12.
- Parliamentary Assembly. Council of Europe. 2011. Resolution 1815. The potential dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the environment; 2011. Available from: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17994.
- Jiang Z, Wei Hong, Nianzu Zhang, Chau Yu. Progress and challenges of test technologies for 5G. Microwave Journal. January 2018:80-94
- IMT-2020 5G wireless technology architecture. IMT-2020 (5G) Promotion Group, May 2015. Available from: www.scribd.com/doc/294556768/WHITE-PAPER-ON-5G-WIRELESS-TECHNOLOGY-ARCHITECTURE-pdf.
- Grigoriev YG. Mobile communications and health of population: the risk assessment, social and ethical problems. Environmentalist. 2012;32(2):193-200.
- Grigoriev YG, Khorseva NI. Mobile communications and health of children. Risk assessment of the use of mobile communication by children and adolescents. Recommendations to children and parents 2014. Moscow: Economics; 2014. 230 p. Russian.
- Markov MS. Magnetic and electromagnetic field dosimetry - necessary step in harmonization of standards. - Proc. WHO Meeting, Varna, April 2001. Available from: http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/Varna.
- Nikita KS, Kiourri A. Mobile communication field in biological systems. In: Lin J (ed.) Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton; 2011. p. 261-329.
- Koulouridis S, Nikita KS. Study of the coupling between human head and cellular phone helical antennas. IEEE Trans Electrom Compat. 2004;46:62-71.
- Christ A, et al. Age-dependent tissue specific exposure of cell phone users. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:1763-83.
- Christ A, et al. Impact of pinna compression on the RF absorption in the head of adults and juvenile cell phone users. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;31:406-12.
- Grigoriev Y, Khortzeva N. A longitudinal study of psycho-physiological indicators of pupils - user mobile communication in Russia (2006-2017). Children are at the group of risk. In Markov MS (ed.) Mobile Communications and Public Health. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2018. p. 237-52.
- WHO Backgrounder; 2003 Apr.
- Boice J, Tarone RE. Cell phone, cancer and children. J Natl Inst Cancer. 2011;103(16):1211-3.
- Justesen DR. A comparative study of human sensory thresholds: 2450 MHz microwaves vs far-infrared radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 1982;3:117-25.
For citation: Markov MS. Electromagnetic Fields in Biosphere: Benefit and Hazard. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2018;63(4):63-75. DOI: 10.12737/article_5b83c0638debb0.86408449