Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2026. Vol. 71. № 5
DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2026-71-5-107-122
A.N. Koterov1, L.N. Ushenkova1, A.A. Wainson2, O.A. Tikhonova1, A.S. Kretov1, O.V. Parinov1, A.O. Lebedev1, A.Yu. Bushmanov1
COMPARISON OF SUICIDE RISK IN URANIUM AND COAL MINERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, META-ANALYSIS AND POOLED-ANALYSIS
1 A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
2 N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
Contact person: Alexey N. Koterov, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
This systematic review, followed by meta- and pooled analyses, examines the risk (standardized mortality ratio, SMR; compared with the general population) of fatal suicide in uranium miners (U miners). A search in the supported U miner effects and indexes database (1149 sources from 23 countries), PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and reference lists of identified publications resulted in a sample of studies after removing the most recent studies for each cohort. The sample included seven publications covering cohorts from the USA, Czech Republic, and Canada. Two studies – from Canada and the Czech Republic ‒ were the largest in terms of the number of suicides. The same search engines were also used to search for studies on SMR for suicides in coal miners. The final sample included six publications from the USA, Brazil, and Australia; two studies ‒ from the USA and Australia ‒ were the most influential. The samples were complete and/or representative of the theme and were almost entirely male.
With regard to the SMR for suicides in miners, differences in the indexes were noted between meta-analyses and pooled analyses, due to the different weighting of the four studies in the total number of suicides; the results of the meta-analyses were considered the most representative. It was found that the SMR for suicides in U miners was 1.5–1.6 (depending on the presence/absence of the questionable study in the meta-analysis), statistically significantly exceeding the level in the population, while for coal miners there was a smaller and insignificant tendency for the SMR to increase to 1.15–1.18 (also according to meta-analyses for the full sample and after eliminating the questionable study). Thus, the risk of suicide in U miners was 1.3–1.4 times higher than for coal miners, although no statistically significant differences were registered for the results of the meta-analyses. However, a comparison of the SMR for samples of two types of miners using the Mann‒Whitney U test demonstrated such significance (p = 0.038).
The reasons for the observed difference are unlikely to be related to Rn exposures, since the results of the review study conducted here showed that these exposures were equivalent for U mines and Сoal mines. The possibility of differential selection for the two types of miners during recruitment and during their work is suggested, associated with the unfavorable image of U mines compared to coal mines; however, such data were not found. A probable explanation remains the effect of U exposures combined with work in mines, which may even potentiate the effects of each other in influencing the risk of suicide. Confirmation of the specificity of such an effect is provided by two SMR studies on US cohorts exposed to U ‒ on nuclear workers (Figgs L.W. et al, 2011) and residents of areas near U mines (Boice J.D., Jr et al, 2007).
Some limitations of the study cannot negate the practical significance of its results. Although no relevant data were found for USSR/Russian U-miners, the observed patterns should be considered within the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of the Russian Federation system for psychological and psychophysiological support of U-miners, and possibly when revising their compensation policy. The study may also be important for the work of Interdepartmental Expert Councils to establish a causal relationship between the development of pathologies and radiation exposure in personnel of enterprises under the jurisdiction of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of the Russian Federation and other agencies.
Keywords: uranium miners, coal miners, fatal suicides, meta-analysis, pooled-analysis
For citation: Koterov AN, Ushenkova LN, Wainson AA, Tikhonova OA, Kretov AS, Parinov OV, Lebedev AO, Bushmanov AYu. Comparison of Suicide Risk in Uranium and Coal Miners: a Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Pooled-Analysis. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2026;71(5):107–122. DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2026-71-5-107-122
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Conflict of interest.The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financing. The study had no sponsorship.
Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.
Article received: 20.04.2026. Accepted for publication: 25.05.2026.