Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021. Vol. 66. № 6. P. 119-120

A.P. Ermilov

THE PHENOMENON OF FUEL PARTICLES IN CONSEQUENCES OF THE CHNPP ACCIDENT
(OVERVIEW)¹

LLC "STC Amplitude"

Contact person: Alexey Pavlovich Ermilov, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

The subject of the study was the consequences of the explosion of the core of the RBMK power uranium-graphite reactor at the Chernobyl NPP - a unique event and, we hope, unrepeatable.

As a result of a nuclear explosion that destroyed the fourth unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, immediately after the explosion, a cloud appeared in the air above the station’s territory, containing an aerodispersed system that included aerosols formed during the explosion. The explosion occurred before the proposed reloading of the reactor core. Thus, the emission cloud contained radioactive fission and uranium activation products that had accumulated in the fuel of the reactor core during the campaign. The east wind on the night of 04/26/1986 carried the explosion cloud to the west, leaving a radioactive trail from aerosol fallouts on the earth’s surface.

The immediate cause of the accident was the use of an emergency protection system that night to shut down the reactor. The reactor exploded when the emergency protection rods were inserted into the core2. The design of the emergency protection rods was such2 that it was their introduction into the core under the prevailing conditions that initiated the development of an uncontrolled fission chain reaction in the reactor core. The explosion ended with the termination of neutron thermalization due to the destruction of the graphite stack.

In contrast to the explosion of a nuclear charge occurring on prompt fission neutrons with an average energy of ~ 2 × 106 eV, an uncontrolled chain fission reaction in the reactor core developed on thermalized prompt neutrons with an energy of ~ 2.5 × 10-2 eV, i.e. with a chain transfer rate at least ~ 104 times slower. “Competition” between the development of a nuclear explosion on the one hand and the destruction of the graphite stack by an explosion, on the other, led to a nuclear explosion in the reactor core with TNT equivalent, according to various estimates, on the order of ~ 10-30 t TNT.

Within 36 hours, 106 people with indications of acute radiation sickness, who were at the time of the explosion on the territory and in the premises of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, were hospitalized in Clinical Hospital No. 6 of the 3rd GU of the USSR Ministry of Health in Moscow. Of these, 26 patients died within three months after the accident. For all patients in the clinic, the values ​​of the external radiation dose were assessed according to the hematological parameters. As for internal exposure, due to the lack of necessary information about the nature of the incident, its dose contribution to the fate of the victims had to be assessed by clinical indicators. The results of clinical observations during the stay of the victims in the hospital are summarized in a monograph published in 2011: A.K. Guskova, I.A. Galstyan, I.A. Gusev «The accident of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (1986-2011): consequences for health, a doctor’s thoughts.» Quote: “Dosimetric studies of the content of cesium and iodine in the body were carried out both directly in the wards and during the expansion of the regime in the laboratory on the radiation meters of the human body ... These qualified measurements confirmed the extreme rarity of significant incorporation of radionuclides and the predominant importance of external radiation in the development of changes in the state of health victims «.

The above conclusion about the insignificance of internal exposure does not seem to be indisputable. Due to the destruction caused by the explosion, immediately after the explosion, a «draft» arose that pulled the aero-dispersed mixture of dispersed nuclear fuel from the destroyed reactor through the working rooms, where the night shift of Chernobyl NPP workers was located, to a ventilation pipe 110 m high. This was evidenced by the considerable efforts spent on deactivation of the ventilation system of the working rooms of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant when the third power unit was launched almost a year after the explosion of the fourth power unit. From general considerations, it seems obvious that the aerodispersed mixture also contained a fraction of coarsely dispersed insoluble aerosols of nuclear fuel dispersed by the explosion. During inhalation, the upper respiratory tract is exposed to the predominant deposition of coarse aerosols. The main mechanism of their natural purification is mucociliary transport of deposited aerosols in the gastrointestinal tract for several tens of minutes to a day after admission, with a further delay of ~ 2 days in the gastrointestinal tract and fecal excretion (transient excretion). It is obvious that the «qualified measurements at the SIR», carried out several days later, were late, and this significant factor of internal irradiation remained underestimated. The same can be said about the results of postmortem measurements of activity in the tissues and organs of the deceased.

Based on the analysis of the results of our own studies of accidental fallouts and the results of clinical observations carried out in Clinical Hospital No. 6, the presence of a significant dose contribution from the transit of fuel particles was established, and its assessment was made for those who were at the time of the accident in the premises of the Chernobyl NPP and later died. It was shown that the cause of death of some of them was the intestinal form of acute radiation sickness, caused by the combined effect of external photon radiation and beta radiation of inhaled radionuclides on the reproduction system of the single-layer columnar epithelium of the small intestine during transit of inhaled fuel particles through the gastrointestinal tract.

An explanation was obtained for the cause of the «Chernobyl cough» - a deterministic effect that spread in the summer of 1986 and in the summer of 1987 among people who found themselves in the territories subjected to intensive emergency radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Thus, it was possible to add essential details to the general picture of one of the most significant radiation incidents of the atomic age.

Key words: Chernobyl nuclear power plant, accident, nuclear fuel, fuel particles, "hot" particles, "volatile" fraction, acute radiation sickness

For citation: Ermilov AP. The Phenomenon of Fuel Particles in Consequences of the CHNPP Accident. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021;66(6):119-120. https://medradiol.fmbafmbc.ru/journal_medradiol/abstracts/2021/6/ap_ermilov.pdf

DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-6-119-120

 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

The full version of the article by Ermilova A.P. published in the public domain on the journal's website
https://medradiol.fmbafmbc.ru/journal_medradiol/abstracts/2021/6/ap_ermilov.pdf

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021. Vol. 66. № 4. P. 5–12

Comparison of the Therapeutic Potential of Rat and Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Conditioned Media in Local Radiation Lesions

A.A. Rastorgueva, T.A. Astrelina, V.A. Brunchukov, D.Yu. Usupzhanova, I.V. Kobzeva, V.A. Nikitina,
S.V. Lischuk, E.A. Dubova, K.A. Pavlov, V.A. Brumberg, A.S. Samoilov

A.I .Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia

Contact person: Tatiana Alexandrovna Astrelina: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.  

ABSTRACT

Background: To compare the results of the use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of human gingival mucosa and MSCs of rat gingival mucosa, their conditioned media, and to evaluate their effect on tissue regeneration in local radiation injury (LRI).

Material and methods: The study included 120 white male Wistar rats weighing 210 ± 30 g at the age of 8–12 weeks, randomized into 6 groups (20 animals each): control (C), animals did not receive therapy; control with the introduction of culture medium concentrate (CM) three times for 1, 14, 21 days; administration of human gingival mucosa MSCs (HM) at a dose of 2 million per 1 kg three times for 1, 14, 21 days; administration of human gingival mucosa MSCS conditioned medium concentrate (HMCM) at a calculated dose of 2 million cells per 1 kg three times for 1, 14, 21 days; administration of rat gingival mucosal MSCs (RM) at a dose of 2 million cells per 1 kg three times for 1, 14, 21 days; administration of rat gingival mucosal MSCS (RMCM) conditioned medium concentrate at a calculated dose of 2 million cells per 1 kg three times for 1, 14, 21 days. Each laboratory animal was observed 17 times: on 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98, 105, 112 day after the burn simulation. Histological (hematoxylin-eosin staining) and immunohistochemical (CD31, CD68, VEGF, PGP 9.5, MMP2,9, Collag 1, TIMP 2) studies were performed. LRI was modeled on an X-ray machine at a dose of 110 Gy. MSCs were cultured according to the standard method up to 3–5 passages, the conditioned medium was taken and concentrated 10 times. The immunophenotype of MSCs (CD34, CD45, CD90, CD105, CD73, HLA-DR) and viability (7‑ADD) were determined by flow cytofluorimetry.

Results: In a comparative analysis with the control group (C), starting from the 42nd day of the study, a tendency to reduce the area of skin ulcers in animals in all groups was observed, despite the fact that not all days had statistically significant differences. On day 112th, complete healing of skin ulcers in the CM group was observed in 40 % of animals in the HM group – in 60 %, in the HMCM group – in 20 % 

of animals, in the RMCM group–20 %, and in the C and RM groups there were no animals with a prolonged wound defect.

Positive expression of the VEGF marker was observed in groups C and CM on the 28th day and in experimental groups (HM, HMCM, RM, RMCM) on the 112th day. A statistically significant increase in the CD68 marker was observed in groups C, RM, and RMCM, while the remaining groups showed a decrease in the number of macrophages.

Conclusion: Thus, all the treatment methods used, including the administration of MSCs, culture concentrates and conditioned media at a dose of 2 million per 1 kg, were effective in treating skin LRI and led to a reduction in the lesion area, accelerated ulcer healing, and improved regenerative processes. In addition, the use of mesenchymal stromal cells of the human gum mucosa led to an improvement in vascularization and a decrease in inflammatory processes in the focus of radiation damage to a greater extent than similar cells obtained from a rat.

Key words: mesenchymal stromal cells, local radiation lesions, conditioned medium, cell technologies, X-ray radiation, skin

For citation: Rastorgueva AA, Astrelina TA, Brunchukov VA, Usupzhanova DYu, Kobzeva IV, Nikitina VA, Lischuk SV, Dubova EA, Pavlov KA, Brumberg VA, Samoilov AS. Comparison of the Therapeutic Potential of Rat and Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Conditioned Media in Local Radiation Lesions. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021;66(4):5–12.

DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-4-5-12

References

1. Brunchukov VA, Astrelina TA, Nikitina VA, Kobzeva IV, Suchkova YuB, Usupzhanova DYu, et. al. The use of Placental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Local Radiation Skin Lesions. Genes and Cells. 2019, V. 14, Appendix 41p. (In Russian).

2. Eremin P. S., Deev R. V., Bozo I. Ya., Deshoy Yu. B., Lebedev V. G., Eremin I. I., et al. Healing of Tissues in the Area of Severe Local Radiation Damage to the Skin During Gene-mediated Induction of Angiogenesis with Neovasculgen. Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology. 2020; 9(2) 26–34 DOI: 10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-2-26-34 (In Russian).

3. Kotenko KV, Eremin II, Moroz BB, Bushmanov AYu,     Nadezhina NM, Galstyan IA, Grinakovskaya OS, Aksinenko AV, Deshoy YuB, Lebedev VG,. Svobodina TS, Zhgutov YuA, Lauk-Dubitsky SE, Eremin PS. Cell Technologies in the Treatment of Radiation Burns: the Experience of the Burnazyan Federal Medical Center.  Cell Transplantology and Tissue Engineering. 2012, 7(2) P. 97–102 (In Russian).

4. Zheng K, Wu W, Yang S, Huang L, Chen J, Gong C et al. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Implantation for the Treatment of Radioactivity Induced Acute Skin Damage in Rats. Mol Med Rep.  2015.  12(5). P. 7065–7071.

5. Da Silva Meirelles L, Caplan A, Nardi N. In Search of the In Vivo Identity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells. 2008. 26(9) 2287–2299. DOI:10.1634/Stemcells. 2007-1122.

6. Rastorgueva A A, Astrelina TA, Brunchukov VA, et al. Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of the Conditioned Media of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Chemical Burns in Laboratory Animals. Genes and Cells. 2019. 14. Appendix: 192–193 (In Russian).

7. Temnov AA, Astrelina TA, Rogov KA, et al. To Study the Influence of Factors of Conditioned Environment Obtained During the Cultivation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on the Course of Severe Local Radiation Skin Lesions in Rats. Medical Radiology and Radiation safety. 2018;63(1):35–39. (In Russian).

8. Brunchukov VA, Astrelina TA, Nikitina VA, Kobzeva IV, Suchkova YuB, Usupzhanova DYu, Rastorgueva AA, Karaseva TV, Gordeev TV, Maxsimova OA, Naumova LA, Lischuk SV, Dubova EA, Pavlov KA, Brumberg VA, Makhova AE, Lomonosova EE, Dobrovolsskaya EI, Barabash IM, Bushmanov AYu, Samoilov AS. Experimental Treatment of Radiation Skin Lesions with Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Conditioned Media. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2020;65(1):5-12.  DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-1-5-12 (In Russian).

9. Xu S, Liu C, Ji H. Concise Review: Therapeutic Potential of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Secretome and Extracellular Vesicles for Radiation-Induced Lung Injury: Progress and Hypotheses. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2019; 8(4):344–354. DOI:10.1002/sctm.18-0038.

10. Zuo R, Liu M, Wang Y et al. Correction to: BM-MSC-Derived Exosomes Alleviate Radiation-Induced Bone Loss by Restoring the Function of Recipient BM-MSCs and Activating Wnt/β-catenin Signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020; 11(1) DOI:10.1186/s13287-020-1553-x. 

11. Scuteri A, Donzelli E, Foudah D et al. Mesengenic Differentiation: Comparison of Human and Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Stem Cells. 2014; 7(2):127–134. DOI:10.15283/ijsc. 2014.7.2.127. 

12. Orbay H, Devi K, Williams P, Dehghani T, Silva E, Sahar D. Comparison of Endothelial Differentiation Capacities of Human and Rat Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016; 138(6):1231–1241. DOI:10.1097/prs.0000000000002791. 

13. Iacovelli N, Torrente Y, Ciuffreda A et al. Topical Treatment of Radiation-Induced Dermatitis: Current Issues and Potential Solutions. Drugs Context. 2020; 9 : 1-13. DOI:10.7573/dic.2020-4-7

 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 16.03.2021.

Accepted for publication: 21.04.2021.

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021. Vol. 66. № 3. P. 82–87

Yu.D. Udalov¹, A.S. Samoylov², L.A. Danilova¹, E.L. Slobina¹, E.M. Stepanyuchenko¹,
I.A. Bogomolova¹, N.V. Kashentseva¹, V.A. Kiselev¹, A.A. Vanchugov¹,
V.A. Andreev¹, E.A. Stepanov¹

Modern Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Intracerebral Metastases
and Extracranial Metastatic Affection of Liver, Mediastinal Lymph Nodes, Skeletal Bones.
Clinical Observation

¹Federal High-Technology Centre for Medical Radiology, Dimitrovgrad, Russia

²A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia

Contact person: Ludmila Alekseevna Danilova: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

Introduction: The article covers issues related to modern methods of treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with multiple synchronous metastases in brain, liver, mediastinal lymph nodes, skeletal bones and describes a clinical case of modern effective treatment and long-term follow-up of a patient with advanced NSCLC and extra- and intracranial metastatic spread.

Purpose: Evaluation of modern methods of special antitumor treatment and their application in clinical practice for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC.

Material and methods: Modern methods of proton and photon radiation therapy, targeted therapy are considered.

Results: The use of modern methods of special antitumor therapy has increased the overall and relapse-free survival rate of patients with multiple metastases of NSCLC in brain, liver, mediastinal lymph nodes, skeletal bones reducing the need for additional interventions. This is confirmed by a long-term follow-up after modern effective antitumor treatment of a patient with advanced NSCLC and synchronous progression in the form of extra- and intracranial metastatic spread. The patient has been alive for more than 2 years from the moment of progression with an estimated life expectancy of 4–5 months.

Conclusion: Modern methods of special antitumor therapy can increase the survival rate of patients with multiple synchronous NSCLC metastases in brain, liver, mediastinal lymph nodes, skeletal bones without significant deterioration in their quality of life.

Key words:non-small cell lung cancer, intracerebral (intracranial) metastases, extracranial metastases, targeted therapy, proton and photon radiation therapy

For citation: Udalov YuD, Samoylov AS, Danilova LA, Slobina EL, Stepanyuchenko EM, Bogomolova IA, Kashentseva NV, Kiselev VA, Vanchugov AA, Andreev VA, Stepanov EA. Modern Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Intracerebral Metastases and Extracranial Metastatic Affection of Liver, Mediastinal Lymph Nodes, Skeletal Bones. Clinical Observation.  Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021;66(3):82-87.

DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-3-82-87

References

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12. Klimanov VA, Samoylov AS, Gadzhinov AE, Peshkin YaA. Physics of Proton Therapy Treatment Planning. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019;64(2):23-32. DOI: 10.12737/article_5ca5e2677a1a06.60363700.

 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 23.12.2020. 

Accepted for publication: 20.01.2021.

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021. Vol. 66. № 4. P. 13–17

Comparative Evaluation оf the Anti-Radiation Efficacy of Flagellin
by Survival and Micronucleus Test

N.I. Lisina, K.Yu. Romanova, L.P. Sycheva, L.M. Rozhdestvensky

A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia

Contact person: Nina Ivanovna Lisina: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.  

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the domestic drug flagellin (development of the State Research Institute of High-Purity Biological Products, St. Petersburg) in an extended range of drug administration periods before and after irradiation, as well as evaluation of the possibility of using the micronucleus test as a biomarker of its effectiveness.

Material and methods: The work was performed on male ICR CD1 mice weighing 20–22g. The radioprotective effectiveness of flagellin was evaluated by the 30-day survival rate of experimental animals in comparison with control groups. The cytogenetic effect was evaluated by a micronucleus test in polychromatophilic erythrocytes (MJ-PCE) of mouse bone marrow. Irradiation was performed on the RUST M1 X-unit at a dose rate of 1.1 Gy/min in the dose range from 7 to 10 Gy for survival assessment and at a dose of 1 Gy for the micronucleus test. Flagellin was administered intraperitoneally at 0.2 mg/kg for 18 h and 30 min before irradiation, 10 and 30 min after irradiation. The animals of the control groups were injected with a solvent – phosphate-albumin buffer at the same time and in the same volume.

Results: The most effective was the use of flagellin for 30 min and 10 min in relation to radiation (survival at 8.5 Gy 92 % and 78 %, at 9 Gy 81 % and 55 %, respectively) with survival in the control 29 % and 0. In the most studied version of the introduction of flagellin 30 minutes before exposure, the FID values at the level of generally accepted estimates LD16, LD50, LD84, were 1.3; 1.2 and 1.2, respectively.

Conclusions: It is of interest to further expand the time range of the use of flagellin, especially after irradiation. The use of the method of estimating the proportion of polychromatophilic erythrocytes with micronuclei in the bone marrow allowed us to identify the optimal timing of drug administration much faster than in terms of survival (MJ-PCR test was performed 24 hours after irradiation). The MJ-PHE indicator can be considered as a potential biomarker of drug-induced increased radioresistance (this was previously shown in our studies for betaleukin, indralin, and riboxin).

Key words: anti-radiation drugs, flagellin, X-radiation, mice, radioprotective efficacy, micronucleus test, polychromatophilic erythrocytes

For citation: Lisina NI, Romanova KYu, Sycheva LP, Rozhdestvensky LM. Comparative Evaluation of the Anti-Radiation Efficacy 

of Flagellin by Survival and Micronucleus Test. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021;66(4):13-17.

DOI: 10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-4-13-17

References

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14. Lisina NI, Shchegoleva RA, Shlyakova TG,  Zorin VV, Shkaev AE, Rozhdestvensky LM. Anti-radiation efficacy of flagellin in experiments on mie. Radiation biology. Radioecology.2019; 59(3):1–5. (In Russian)

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 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 16.03.2021. 

Accepted for publication: 21.04.2021.