Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019. Vol. 64. No. 2. P. 33–40

DOI: 10.12737/article_5ca5e40c3f79b9.76178616

A.G. Tsovyanov¹, P.P. Gantsovskii¹, N.K. Shandala¹, S.M. Shinkarev¹, V.V. Romanov²

Problems of Ensuring Radiation Safety of Personnel when Operating Proton Therapeutic Accelerators Using an Example of the Proton Therapy Center in Dimitrograd

1. A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ;
2. Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia

A.G. Tsovyanov – Head of Lab., Member of the Russian branch of the International Association for Radiation Protection;
P.P. Gantsovskii – Engeneer, Member of the Russian branch of the International Association for Radiation Protection;
N.K. Shandala – Deputy Director General, Dr. Sci. Med., Member of the Russian branch of the International Association for Radiation Protection;
S.M. Shinkarev – Head of Dep., Dr. Sc. Tech., Member of the Russian branch of the International Association for Radiation Protection;
V.V. Romanov – Deputy Head, PhD Biol., Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the FMBA of Russia

Abstract

Currently, charged particle accelerators are used not only as a tool for basic research, but they are also becoming increasingly common in industry and medicine. In Russia in the coming years it is planned to create 3 centers of proton and ion therapy. At the same time, the instrumental, methodological, metrological and regulatory support of radiation monitoring does not currently correspond to the energy range of the generated radiation. The paper analyzes the compliance of existing regulatory and advisory documents with the goals of ensuring radiation safety during proton therapy.

Key words: therapeutic proton accelerators, high-energy ionizing radiation, secondary radiation, radiation safety

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For citation: Tsovyanov AG, Gantsovskii PP, Shandala NK, Shinkarev SM, Romanov VV. Problems of Ensuring Radiation Safety of Personnel when Operating Proton Therapeutic Accelerators Using an Example of the Proton Therapy Center in Dimitrograd. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019;64(2):33-40. (Russian).

DOI: 10.12737/article_5ca5e40c3f79b9.76178616

PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019. Vol. 64. No. 2. P. 11–22

DOI: 10.12737/article_5ca5a0173e4963.18268254

A.P. Chernyaev¹, G.I. Klenov², A.Yu. Bushmanov³, A.A. Pryanichnikov^{1 ,4}, M.A. Belikhin^{1 ,4} , E.N. Lykova¹

Proton Accelerators for Radiation Therapy

1. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ;
2. Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia;
3. A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia;
4. The Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Protvino, Russia

A.P. Chernyaev – Head of Dep., Dr. Sci. Phys.-Math., Prof.;
G.I. Klenov – Head of Dep., Dr. Sci. Tech.;
A.Yu. Bushmanov – First Deputy Director General, Dr. Sci. Med., Prof.;
A.A. Pryanichnikov – PhD Student, Research Engineer;
M.A. Belikhin – PhD Student, Research Engineer;
E.N. Lykova – Lecturer of Dep.

Abstract

Purpose: To make an analysis (including statistical data) of accelerator equipment for proton therapy (PT) in Russia and the world; to identify the main trends and directions of development in this area.

Material and methods: Currently, proton therapy is developing rapidly in the world. Every year new proton centers are built. The number of commercial companies and research institutes, that are included in this high-tech sector, grows every year. Physicists and doctors together actively develop and introduce new ideas and technologies that are able to increase the efficiency and quality of proton therapy and also make it less costly. This review is an analysis of both publications in refereed publications, and reports made at relevant conferences and seminars. In addition, the data presented in the review are based on the information from the companies-manufacturers of equipment for proton therapy, which is open or provided for non-commercial use, with an indication of the sources.

Results: In recent years, the main trends in the development of accelerators for proton therapy are: reducing the size and weight of machines, using of active pencil scanning as a standard method of dose delivering, reducing the time spent by patients in treatment rooms, using modulated radiation intensity in proton therapy. There is a transition from the construction of multi-cabin PT centers with an annual number of patients about 1000 people (due to their high cost and need to have an infrastructure for such big number of patients), to the creation of small-sized single-cabin complexes with an annual flow of several hundred people.

Conclusion: Despite proton therapy has a good promotion and popularization activities, it is still an inaccessible method for most cancer patients with the exception of the United States, Japan and Europe. The lack of PT centers, the price per course of treatment, the lack of specialists in this area, and the attitude of most clinicians to PT as an experimental method of treatment is acute. In Russia, proton therapy does not receive enough support, despite the enormous potential and extensive experience that has been used for half a century of using PT. The last open proton center is private, and the only local manufacturer of equipment for PT exists only thanks to foreign contracts. Nevertheless, research and development continues. Moreover, the development is equal to the level of leading countries.

Key words: proton therapy, particle accelerators, cyclotron, synchrotron, Bragg curve

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For citation: Chernyaev AP, Klenov GI, Bushmanov AYu, Pryanichnikov AA, Belikhin MA, Lykova EN. Proton Accelerators for Radiation Therapy. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019;64(2):11-22. (Russian).

DOI: 10.12737/article_5ca5a0173e4963.18268254

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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019. Vol. 64. No. 2. P. 23–32

DOI: 10.12737/article_5ca5e2677a1a06.60363700

V.A. Klimanov^1,2, A.S. Samoylov², A.E. Gadzhinov³, Ya.A. Peshkin³

Physics of Proton Therapy Treatment Planning

1. National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia, E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ;
2. A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia;
3. Federal High-Tech Center for Medical Radiology of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Dimitrovgrad, Russia

V.A. Klimanov – Leading Researcher, Dr. Sci. Phys.-Math., Prof.;
A.S. Samoylov – Director General, Dr. Sci. Med., Prof. RAS;
A.E. Gadzhinov – radiotherapist;
Ya.A. Peshkin – radiologist

Abstract

The most important stage of radiation therapy of oncological diseases is the planning of radiation treatment. In this work, this complex process in relation to proton therapy is proposed to be divided into medical and physical planning. In conventional therapy with photons and electrons, the latter is usually called dosimetric planning, however, when applied to proton radiation therapy, this stage involves a significantly wider range of tasks related to the modification and scanning of the proton beam, spreading and compensation of ranges, taking into account when planning for uncertainties and finiteness of proton ranges, a decrease in the contribution to the dose of secondary neutrons, the creation of error-tolerant optimization algorithms for dosimetric plans, and, finally, a precision calculation of dose distributions. The paper discusses the main stages and problems of physical planning of proton radiation therapy. Particular attention is paid to the formation of an extended high-dose region (extended Bragg peak) using the beam scattering method and scanning method, and to the algorithms for calculating the dose distributions created by protons in the scattering and beam scanning systems. The most detailed consideration is given to different versions of the proton pencil beam method, which allows to increase the dose calculation accuracy and take into account the transverse scattering and fluctuations in proton energy losses, especially at the end of the path (halo effect), analytical and numerical methods. Scanning are divided into three main technologies: homogeneous scanning, single field uniform dose (SFUD), multi-field uniform dose (MFUD), often called intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Actual accounting problems are considered when planning the irradiation of the movement of organs, and uncertainties in determining path lengths and optimization of irradiation plans. In particular features, problems and modern approaches to the optimization of dosimetry plans of proton radiation therapy are discussed. It is noted that one of the most promising practical solutions for the uncertainty management in determining the path lengths of protons in optimization is to include possible errors in the objective function of the optimization algorithm. This technique ensures that an optimized irradiation plan will more reliably protect normal tissues and critical organs adjacent to the irradiation target from overexposure.

Key words: radiotherapy, protons, proton scattering, range modulation, pencil beam, dose, organ movement, range uncertainty, planning optimization

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For citation: Chernyaev AP, Klenov GI, Bushmanov AYu, Pryanichnikov AA, Belikhin MA, Lykova EN. Proton Accelerators for Radiation Therapy. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019;64(2):11-22. (Russian).

DOI: 10.12737/article_5ca5e2677a1a06.60363700

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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019. Vol. 64. No. 2. P. 5–10

DOI: 10.12737/article_5ca58d9b366162.17322538

V.V. Uiba¹, Yu.D. Udalov², A.O. Lebedev², L.I. Shulepova³

Prospects for Implementing of Technologies of Nuclear Medicine in the FMBA of Russia

1. Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia;
2. A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ,
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
3. Federal High-Tech Center for Medical Radiology of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Dimitrovgrad, Russia

V.V. Uiba – Head of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Dr. Sci. Med, Prof.;
Yu.D. Udalov – Deputy Director General, PhD Med.;
A.O. Lebedev – Deputy Head of Dep.;
L.I. Shulepova – Director General

Abstract

The article is devoted to development prospects of nuclear medicine in the Russian Federation. One of the first to provide nuclear medicine in Soviet Union was A.I. Burnasyan. He headed the 3d Directorate General of Ministry of Health (the FMBA of Russia at present). The Institute of Biophysics and the Institute of Medical Radiology (Obninsk), was established in the 50s – 60s of the 20th century, laid the foundation for nuclear medicine and developed it. With their efforts, nuclear medicine in USSR has become the world leader. However, in the 1980s – 1990s, there was a serious lag in this area due to radiophobia that arose after the Chernobyl accident, as well as the collapse of the USSR and the severe economic crisis, overcoming which in the beginning of the 21st century made it possible to pay considerable attention to nuclear medicine. Today the FMBA of Russia leads in the development and application of nuclear medicine technology. In the departments of the FMBA of Russia – the Siberian Research and Clinical Center (Krasnoyarsk) and Northern Medical Clinical Center N.A. Semashko (Arkhangelsk) – carries out high-tech diagnostics and treatment of cancer, neurological and cardiac diseases. Currently, in Dimitrovgrad city, the creation of the Federal High-Tech Center for Medical Radiology of the FMBA of Russia (FHCMR, FMBA of Russia) under the state program “Establishment of Federal Centers of Medical Radiological Technologies” is being completed. FHCMR, FMBA of Russia will provide high-tech medical care to the assigned contingent of the FMBA of Russia and the adult population of the Central, Volga, North-West federal districts. In the article noted the need for training specialists in the nuclear medicine. Training of specialists is already being conducted at the Training and Education Center of the Federal Siberian Research and Clinical Center of the FMBA of Russia. An important aspect of the introduction of nuclear medicine technologies and the operation of such centers are issues of legal regulation. The article pays attention to the licensing of nuclear medicine objects in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law No. 170-FZ of November 21, 1995 “On the Use of Atomic Energy”. The tasks that need to be addressed for the development of nuclear medicine technologies are formulated, including through the implementation of the public-private partnership mechanism, as well as by expanding international cooperation with the EAEU member states.

Key words: nuclear medicine, proton beam therapy, radiation therapy, proton therapy center, radiopharmaceuticals

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For citation: Uiba VV, Udalov YuD, Lebedev AO, Shulepova LI. Prospects for Implementing of Technologies of Nuclear Medicine in the FMBA of Russia. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019;64(2):5-10. (Russian).

DOI: 10.12737/article_5ca58d9b366162.17322538

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