Journal Description

JOURNAL DESCRIPTION

The Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety journal ISSN 1024-6177 was founded in January 1956 (before December 30, 1993 it was entitled Medical Radiology, ISSN 0025-8334). In 2018, the journal received Online ISSN: 2618-9615 and was registered as an electronic online publication in Roskomnadzor on March 29, 2018. It publishes original research articles which cover questions of radiobiology, radiation medicine, radiation safety, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and scientific reviews. In general the journal has more than 30 headings and it is of interest for specialists working in thefields of medicine¸ radiation biology, epidemiology, medical physics and technology. Since July 01, 2008 the journal has been published by State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency. The founder from 1956 to the present time is the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and from 2008 to the present time is the Federal Medical Biological Agency.

Members of the editorial board are scientists specializing in the field of radiation biology and medicine, radiation protection, radiation epidemiology, radiation oncology, radiation diagnostics and therapy, nuclear medicine and medical physics. The editorial board consists of academicians (members of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS)), the full member of Academy of Medical Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, corresponding members of the RAS, Doctors of Medicine, professor, candidates and doctors of biological, physical mathematics and engineering sciences. The editorial board is constantly replenished by experts who work in the CIS and foreign countries.

Six issues of the journal are published per year, the volume is 13.5 conventional printed sheets, 88 printer’s sheets, 1.000 copies. The journal has an identical full-text electronic version, which, simultaneously with the printed version and color drawings, is posted on the sites of the Scientific Electronic Library (SEL) and the journal's website. The journal is distributed through the Rospechat Agency under the contract № 7407 of June 16, 2006, through individual buyers and commercial structures. The publication of articles is free.

The journal is included in the List of Russian Reviewed Scientific Journals of the Higher Attestation Commission. Since 2008 the journal has been available on the Internet and indexed in the RISC database which is placed on Web of Science. Since February 2nd, 2018, the journal "Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety" has been indexed in the SCOPUS abstract and citation database.

Brief electronic versions of the Journal have been publicly available since 2005 on the website of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal: http://www.medradiol.ru. Since 2011, all issues of the journal as a whole are publicly available, and since 2016 - full-text versions of scientific articles. Since 2005, subscribers can purchase full versions of other articles of any issue only through the National Electronic Library. The editor of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal in accordance with the National Electronic Library agreement has been providing the Library with all its production since 2005 until now.

The main working language of the journal is Russian, an additional language is English, which is used to write titles of articles, information about authors, annotations, key words, a list of literature.

Since 2017 the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety has switched to digital identification of publications, assigning to each article the identifier of the digital object (DOI), which greatly accelerated the search for the location of the article on the Internet. In future it is planned to publish the English-language version of the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety for its development. In order to obtain information about the publication activity of the journal in March 2015, a counter of readers' references to the materials posted on the site from 2005 to the present which is placed on the journal's website. During 2015 - 2016 years on average there were no more than 100-170 handlings per day. Publication of a number of articles, as well as electronic versions of profile monographs and collections in the public domain, dramatically increased the number of handlings to the journal's website to 500 - 800 per day, and the total number of visits to the site at the end of 2017 was more than 230.000.

The two-year impact factor of RISC, according to data for 2017, was 0.439, taking into account citation from all sources - 0.570, and the five-year impact factor of RISC - 0.352.

Issues journals

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 4. P. 66-78

REVIEW

DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10b5ea417a6.00174966

The Drugs and Natural Antioxidants as the Components of Anti-Radiation Countermeasures During Space Flights

I.B. Ushakov¹, M.V. Vasin²

1. A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; 2. Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health Care of the Russian Federation, Moscow

I.B. Ushakov – Chief Scientific Researcher, Member of RAS, Dr. Sc. Med., Prof., M.V. Vasin – Honoured Science Worker of the Russian Federation, Dr. Sc. Med., Prof.

Abstract

Radiation situation for cosmonauts over long-term space flights is caused by low-rate radiation of galactic cosmic rays and solar cosmic rays consisting of high-energy proton as well as heavy particles (Z>10) within 1–2 % that is exclusively a threat of stochastic radiation effects (small increase of cancer risk and decrease of mean life span) for men. During interplanetary expedition periods the small probability of raised solar activity occurring approximately every 11 years there is a threat of exposure to astronauts at doses that cause deterministic radiation effects leading to the development of the disease as a clinical manifestation of radiation injuries. In a similar scenario it is necessary to have available to spaceship anti-radiation countermeasures for astronaut protection. Among personal radioprotective equipment can be provided with radiation protective agents and partial shielding of body separate section providing the best condition for post-radiation repair of radiosensitive body tissues. Preparation B-190 (indralin) is the most perspective from a small number of other radioprotectors permitting for men administration. Besides high radioprotective efficacy and large broadness of radioprotective action B-190 is well tolerated including the impact of extreme flight factors. Antiemetic agent latran (ondansetron) is most interesting among preparation for prophylaxis and reduction of prodromal radiation reaction. To accelerate post-radiation hematopoietic recovery after raised solar activity an administration of radiomitigators (riboxin et al.) is substantiated. Neupomax (neupogen) is recommended as a preparation for pathogenesis therapy of acute radiation syndrome. Possible consequences of long-term space voyages for oxidative stress development are taken into consideration. On their basis of natural antioxidants, preparations and nutrients as radiomodulators, fully qualitative nutrition including vegetable food enriched flavonoids, vitamins C, E and carotene potentially prevent a shorten of cosmonaut biological age induced by solar cosmic rays and galactic cosmic rays and stress factors of long-term cosmic voyages. Radiomodulators are low and non-toxic and have not side effects in recommended doses. Their radioprotective effect is directly induced by adaption reaction on cellular and organismic levels through gene expression modulation and in that way the increase of non-specific body tolerance. The implementation of radiomodulator action is possible through hormesis mechanism.

Key words: space radiation, manned space flights, radiation protective agents, indralin, latran (ondansetron), neupomax (filgrastim), natural antioxidants

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For citation: Ushakov IB, Vasin MV. The Drugs and Natural Antioxidants as the Components of Anti-radiation Countermeasures during Spase Flightss. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(4):66-78. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10b5ea417a6.00174966

PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 4. P. 31-65

RADIATION PHYSICS, TECHNOLOGY AND DOSIMETRY

DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10998808b74.63554924

Risk of Thyroid Cancer after Exposure to ¹³¹I: Combined Analysis of Experimental and Epidemiological Data over Seven Decades. Part 2. Overview of Methods of Internal Dose Estimation and Thyroid Absorbed Dose Determination

A.N. Koterov¹, L.N. Ushenkova¹, E.S. Zubenkova¹, A.A. Wainson^1,2, A.P. Biryukov¹

1. A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; 2. N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russia

A.N. Koterov – Head of Lab., Dr. Sc. Biol.; L.N. Ushenkova – Leading Researcher, PhD Biol.; E.S. Zubenkova– Leading Researcher, PhD Biol.; A.A. Wainson– Head of Group, Dr. Sc. Biol., Prof.; A.P. Biryukov– Head of Department, Dr. Sc. Med., Prof.

Abstract

The research was done in order to create check-analytical base for future data combining synthetic studies of experimental and epidemiological works on carcinogenesis in the thyroid after ¹³¹I exposure which carried out in different decades on the basis of various dosimetry and dosimetric units.

The information about the history of the origin, development, and essence of three types of internal dosimetry of incorporated radionuclides was present. The first is the ‘classic’ system, based on the main semi-empirical formula of Marinelli–Quimby–Haine (1942–1948), and further developed by Loevinger et al. (1953–1956). In 1960s the calculated systems providing various types of phantoms which simulated body and individual organs of the human – MIRD scheme (‘MIRD-formalism’, 1965; calculation of doses from medical exposure of incorporated radionuclides), and ICRP system (1960; calculation of internal doses from professional exposure to radiation with different LET) were appeared.

In details, including a retrospective personalized aspect, the calculations leading to the basic formula of the classical dosimetry of β-sources internal exposure (D_β (∞) = 73,8E_βC₀T_eff) and its main modifications were used among other things for the calculation of diagnostic and therapeutic doses of radioiodine to the thyroid were considered. Thoroughly the examples of formula modification from various publications mainly on treatment of hyperthyroidism were investigated. It is revealed is not explained by the authors of original works and unpredictable variations in the numerical constants of the equations, and the imparted ‘basic formula’ names of its creators and modifiers. The errors in the formula in some Russian sources were found.

The studies on comparing of ¹³¹I doses to the thyroid which were determined by several different methods (on the base ‘classic’ formula, according to MIRD-scheme, by the Monte Carlo simulation and by direct determination with thermoluminescent dosimeters) were considered; only five such studies have been found and the results were generally inconsistent.

Key words: radioiodine, thyroid, history of internal dose dosimetry, formulas of Marinelly–Quimby–Hine and Loevinger, MIRD-scheme, ICRP-system

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For citation: Koterov AN, Ushenkova LN, Zubenkova ES, Wainson AA, Biryukov AP. Risk of Thyroid Cancer after Exposure to ₁₃₁I: Combined Analysis of Experimental and Epidemiological Data over Seven Decades. Part 2. Overview of Methods of Internal Dose Estimation and Thyroid Absorbed Dose Determination. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(4):31-65. Russian.DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10998808b74.63554924

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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 4. P. 17-23

RADIATION SAFETY

DOI: 10.12737/article_59b106429c5b80.00887618

Radiological Justification of Radionuclide Inventory Control in the Context of the Long-Term Safety of Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities

P.A. Blokhin, A.A. Samoylov

Nuclear Safety Institute of RAS, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: samoylov@ibrae.aс.ru; blokhin@ibrae.aс.ru

P.A. Blokhin – Junior Researcher; A.A. Samoylov – Senior Specialist

Abstract

Purpose: this paper concentrates on the development and validation of an approach enabling to identify radiologically relevant radionuclides in radioactive waste at different stages of their management, as well as to implement their direct instrumental control.

Material and methods: The research was carried out by comparing relevant radiological effects produced by radionuclides contained in activation RW from VVER-440 unit (reactor vessel, vessel internals and fuel rod cladding) on human at different stages of RW management. AKDAM-2.0 complex was used to evaluate the changes in the radionuclide inventory of materials during their irradiation and cooling.

Results: The study enabled to calculate relevant contribution of different radionuclides to the overall activity and dose rate from external and internal human exposure at different stages of RW management. This paper proposes a novel approach to identify radiologically relevant radionuclides based on a comparative evaluation of their contribution to the dose rate their activity, half-lives and migration properties. Relevant lists of radionuclides were developed for the studied materials. These radionuclides should be considered in the safety assessments of RW management practices and the post-closure safety demonstration for deep geological disposal facilities (DGDF). The study suggests that direct instrumental control is feasible for a number of radionuclides along with the use of an integrated approach enabling to evaluate the content of other radionuclides.

Conclusions: Further validation proved the viability of the proposed approach in the development of lists of radiologically relevant radionuclides. It has been found that the generated list is consistent with international practice used to demonstrate DGDF safety. It should be noted that only a small number of radionuclides should be considered radiologically relevant notwithstanding a variety of radionuclides generated due to material activation. In some cases, certain radionuclides are required to be added to the lists specified in the appendices to Radiation Safety Standards (RSS). However, the direct instrumental control covering the entire list of radiologically relevant radionuclides (for each RW management stage) is considered not feasible and hard to implement. The study shows that an integrated approach combining direct instrumental control for certain radionuclides, periodic destructive tests and inventory calculations is a preferred option. At the stage of periodic radiation monitoring in the disposal facility, such instrumental control should be focused on the evaluation of disposal system properties affecting its safety (hydrogeochemical, hydrogeological characteristics and etc.).

Key words: radioactive waste, disposal facility, radiation safety, safety assessment, radiologically relevant radionuclides, instrumental measurements, periodical radiation monitoring

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For citation: Blokhin PA, Samoylov AA. Radiological Justification of Radionuclide Inventory Control in the Context of the Long-Term Safety of Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(4):17-23. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_59b106429c5b80.00887618

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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 4. P. 24-30

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY

DOI: 10.12737/article_59b1077eca2810.73078621

Sonography in the Diagnosis of Fractures of the Maxillofacial Region

N.A. Akramova, Yu.M. Khodjibekova

Tashkent State Dental Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

N.A. Akramova – Assistant of the Dep.; Yu.M. Khodjibekova – Associate Prof.

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the role and significance of ultrasonography in the general complex of methods of radiation diagnosis of bone fractures of the maxillofacial region.

Material and methods: Ultrasound examination was carried out on 104 patients at the age of 6–59 with trauma of the maxillofacial region. All patients were examined with sonography (SLE-501 device with linear frequency controller at 7.5 MHz, Lithuania), radiography and multislice computed tomography (Somation Emotion 6 device, Siemens, Germany).

Results: Fractures of the maxillofacial bones confirmed in 96 patients, including 36 isolated, 60 multiple and associated injuries of bones of the maxillofacial region. All injuries were identified by CT with 3D reconstruction, thus the method was adopted as verifying during analysis and comparison of results produced by other methods of visualization.

The ultrasonography findings revealed the following: interruption of the cortical layer with or without displacement of bone fragments, bone contour deformation. In 11 out of 13 cases of mandibular fractures with negative sonographic signs were detected by sonography with functional tests with the mouth opening. In comparison with X-ray, ultrasonography was more sensitive in detecting fractures (94.0 % to 81.5 %), especially in fractures of the front wall of the maxillary sinus, articular and coronoid process of the mandible.

Ultrasonographic examination was carried out with 57 patients after closed and open reposition. The unsatisfactory condition of bone fragments, which need re-repositioning, were detected in 25. In 11 patients sonography was used intraoperatively to control the repositioning of the bone fragments, thus making it possible to achieve satisfactory results after operations.

Conclusion: Ultrasonography has proved to be a valuable tool in detecting fractures in the facial bones in addition to X-ray examination. Particular value of sonography is a control for repositioning bone fragments.

Key words: trauma, maxillofacial region, sonography

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Для цитирования: Akramova NA, Khodjibekova YuM. Sonography in the Diagnosis of Fractures of the Maxillofacial Region. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(4):24-30. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_59b1077eca2810.73078621

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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 4. P. 12-16

RADIATION SAFETY

DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10531b5b9a1.53751147

V.V. Uiba¹, M.K. Sneve², A.S. Samoylov³, N.K. Shandala³, A.V. Simakov³, S.M. Kiselev³, K. Siegien-Iwaniuk², M.P. Semenova³, Y.S. Belskikh³, V.P. Kryuchkov³, K.A. Chizhov³, G.M. Smith⁴

REGULATION OF THE SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT AT THE ANDREEVA BAY SITE FOR TEMPORARY STORAGE ON THE KOLA PENINSULA

1. Federal Medical Biological Agency. Moscow, Russia; 2. Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Grini naeringspark 13, 1332 Østerås, Norway; 3. A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; 4. GMS Abingdon Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 3PP, UK

V.V. Uiba – Head of Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Dr. Sc. Med., Prof.; M.K. Sneve – Director of Regulatory Programmes, Ph.D.; A.S. Samoylov –Director General of Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Dr. Sci. Med.; N.K. Shandala – Science and Biophysical Technologies Deputy Director General, Dr. Sc. Med.; A.V. Simakov – Head of Radiation Occupational Protection Laboratory, PhD Med.; S.M. Kiselev – Head of RSLS Laboratory, PhD Biol.; K. Siegien-Iwaniuk – Senior Adviser, Dr. Sc. Tech.; M.P. Semenova – Senior Researcher; Yu.S. Belskikh – Junior Researcher; V.P. Kryuchkov – Leading Researcher, PhD in Phys.-Math. K.A. Chizhov – Researcher; G.M. Smith – Director, Ph.D.

Abstract

Purpose: To share the experience in regulation of radiation safety and protection of workers involved in management of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and radioactive waste (RW), as well as radiation protection of the population and environment in the vicinity of sites for temporary storage at Andreeva Bay on the Kola Peninsula.

Material and methods: Spent fuel from Russian nuclear powered submarines has been stored at shore based facilities for more than 20 years, notably at Andreeva Bay. The storage facilities were for some years poorly maintained and a significant fraction of the fuel that is still in store at the site was damaged. Over the last years, huge work has been done to improve the technical infrastructure and prepare for removal of the SNF from the temporary stores, management of existing RW.

Results: This paper presents progress with projects of the FMBA of Russia and NRPA cooperation for regulation of radiation safety and protection. During the researches, the following issues were addressed: radiological threat assessment to identify the priority directions of regulation; detailed analysis of the radiation situation on sites, at the territories and nearby the sites; radiation control and monitoring of the environmental conditions; development of the computer maps and geo-information system; emergency preparedness and response; improvement of radiation safety culture; etc.

Based on the received results of monitoring and assessment of the current risks, site-specific regulatory documents have been developed for the bodies and institutions under the FMBA of Russia involved in the activities to control the facility. Those documents include the requirements for radiation protection of workers and population; personal dose monitoring; the RW management including the very low level RW; implementation of the environmental monitoring; radiation monitoring nearby the Andreeva Bay SevRAO facility; and remediation of the sites as remediation criteria and regulations.

The next stage of work is to carry out the regulation of large-scale removal of SNF during 2017–2021 and its subsequent transfer to Mayak PA, and operations to bring the infrastructure of the site into the safe conditions, i.e., ecological remediation of the site – by 2025.

Lessons learnt from this work are being used in support of improved international recommendations and guidance on how to address legacy issues.

Conclusion: The experience accumulated during regulation of the remediation process of the former Naval Coastal Technical Bases has helped to identify new relevant areas of improvement of the regulatory supervision at nuclear legacy sites. The study of potential hazard of radiation exposure to the personnel during technological operations of SNF and RW management is very important issue. In this light, the regulator in cooperation of the operator should develop some effective and efficient activities for dose monitoring. When dealing with the protection of the population and environment, a methodology of comprehensive radiation and chemical monitoring should be developed and models of radiation and chemical risks should be improved taking into account features of contamination of the site under remediation. An important link of the social focus of the regulator and the operator is to improve strategies of public communications near legacy sites under remediation.

Key words: spent nuclear fuel, radioactive waste, site for temporary storage, threat assessment, radiation protection and safety, radiation monitoring, regulatory supervision, remediation

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For citation: Uiba VV, Sneve MK, Samoylov AS, Shandala NK, Simakov AV, Kiselev SM, Siegien-Iwaniuk K, Semenova MP, Belskikh YS, Kryuchkov VP, Chizhov KA, Smit GM. Regulation of the Spent Nuclear Fuel Management at the Andreeva Bay Site for Temporary Storage on the Kola Peninsulas. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(4):12-6. DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10531b5b9a1.53751147

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