Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 5. P. 11-20

RADIATION SAFETY

DOI: 10.12737/article_59f2f1e5d45cc5.39553012

About Defining the Borders of Radioactive Contamination Zones as a Result of Large Radiation Accidents. Message I. Post-Accident Analysis of Chernobyl Zoning Experience

A.M. Skorobogatov¹, M.G. Germenchuk², A.V. Simonov¹, O.M. Zhukova², O.N. Apanasyuk¹, Yu.N. Golikov², T.A. Bulantseva¹, L.Yu. Lupach¹

1. Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; 2. Republican Center for Hydrometeorology, Control of Radioactive Contamination and Environmental Monitoring, Minsk, Belarus

A.M. Skorobogatov– Research Worker; M.G. Germenchuk– PhD Tech., First Deputy Head, Expert of the IAEA; A.V. Simonov– PhD Psych., Head of Department; O.M. Zhukova– PhD Tech., Head of Department, Expert of the IAEA; O.N. Apanasyuk– Senior Researcher; Yu.N. Golikov – Head of Department; T.A. Bulantseva– Engineer; L.Yu. Lupach– Junior Researcher

Abstract

Purpose: Retrospective analysis of the process of defining radioactive contamination zones formed after the Chernobyl accident.

Results: Summary of events related to liquidation of the Chernobyl NPP (ChNPP) accident consequences is given in the context of defining the radioactive contamination zones.

Experience of zoning of the territories exposed to radioactive contamination due to the Chernobyl NPP accident during 1986–2015 in Belarus and the Russian Federation has revealed the following:

• Zones of radioactive contamination as a result of the ChNPP accident have been finally defined by the regulatory-legal acts only by 1991– in five years after the Chernobyl accident;
• At present, the radioactive contamination zones legally correspond to the borders of settlements that were given a certain status of the radioactively contaminated territory.

This leads, in particular, to paradoxical “automatic” reduction of radioactive contamination zones due to abolition of settlements with no inhabitants. Absence of the established borders of radioactive contamination zones creates difficulties in substantiation of the measures related to radiation monitoring, rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated areas and their return to economic circulation.

Conclusions: Experience of eliminating of the Chernobyl NPP accident consequences shows that the absence of modern and scientifically justified procedures of defining the borders of radioactive contamination zones results not only in an inadequate assessment of the scales of consequences, but also does not allow effective differentiating the inventory and scale of necessary measures on population protection.

Key words: radiation accidents, radioactive contamination zones, radiation exposure dose, density of radioactive contamination, the Chernobyl accident, the analysis of the experience of zoning

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For citation: Skorobogatov AM, Germenchuk MG, Simonov AV, Zhukova OM, Apanasyuk ON, Golikov YuN, Bulantseva TA, Lupach LYu. About Defining the Borders of Radioactive Contamination Zones as a Result of Large Radiation Accidents. Message I. Post-Accident Analysis of Chernobyl Zoning Experience. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(5):11-20. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_59f2f1e5d45cc5.39553012

PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 4. P. 81-86

MEDICAL PRACTICE ISSUE

DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10d1ea229a0.59653865

Organization System of the Causal Relationship between Diseases, Disability and Death of the Citizens Affected by Radiation Factors

A.Yu. Bushmanov¹, Yu.D. Udalov¹, N.N. Ryzhman², V.A. Basharin², S.V. Voronin², M.A. Karamullin², A.V. Yazenok², A.S. Kretov¹, I.V. Vlasova¹

A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; 2. S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia

A.Yu. Bushmanov – First Deputy Director General, Dr. Sc. Med., Prof.; Yu.D. Udalov – Deputy Director General of Medical Department, PhD Med.; N.N. Ryzhman – Deputy Head, PhD Med.; V.A. Basharin – Chief Toxicologist-radiologist, Head of the Dep., Dr. Sc. Med.; S.V. Voronin – Assoc. Prof of the Naval-Therapy Dep., Chairman of the Military Physician Board; M.A. Karamullin – Dr. Sc. Med., Prof.; A.V. Yazenok – Assoc. Prof. the Military-medical Academy, Dr. Sc. Med.; A.S. Kretov – Head of the Central Organizational and Methodology Dep.; I.V. Vlasova – Occupational Disease Doctor.

Abstract

There are two Advisory councils on the territory of the Russian Federation: the Interdepartmental Advisory Council (IAC) and Military Medical Commission (MMC) – where citizens may apply to establish the cause of a disease, disability and death from exposure to ionizing radiation.

The article describes the normative documents and the legislative base which regulates work of IAC and MMC on the establishment of a causal relationship between diseases, disability and death of the citizens, exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident.

 Categories of citizens who are eligible to apply for the examination to establish causation of the disease, disability and death as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation in IAC and MMC are defined.

MMC can treat only military servants, personnel and citizens, passing military service (equal service), service in bodies and organizations of Prosecutor’s office, the actions of high-risk units, who took part in liquidation of consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Veterans of special risk subdivisions, and all other citizens exposed to radiation due to the Chernobyl accident may apply to IAC.

Key words: radiation factors, radiation-induced effects, nterdepartmental Advisory Councils (IAC), Military-Medical Commission (MMC), legislative base, organizational structure, Chernobyl nuclear power plant (CNPP)

REFERENCES

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For citation: Bushmanov AYu, Udalov YuD, Ryzhman NN, Basharin VA, Voronin SV, Karamullin MA, Yazenok AV, Kretov AS, Vlasova IV. Organization System of the Causal Relationship between Diseases, Disability and Death of the Citizens Affected by Radiation Factors. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(4):81-6. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10d1ea229a0.59653865

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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 5. P. 5-10

RADIATION BIOLOGY

DOI: 10.12737/article_59f2ef130f5421.00591025

Study of Uridylic Nucleotides Contents and the Investigation Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase in Liver and Small Intestine Mucosa Exposed when Administered to Rats Orotic Acid and Perftoran

E.R. Nagiev, S.E. Nagieva, F.E. Ismailova

Dagestan State Medical University, Makhachka, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

E.R. Nagiev – Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Honored Worker of the Higher School of Russian Federation, Prof., Dr. Sc. Med., Head the Department of General and Biological Chemistry, Dagestan State Medical University; S.E. Nagieva – PhD Med., Assoc. Prof.; F.E. Ismailova – PhD Med., Assistant

Abstract

Purpose: Study of uridylic nucleotides content and aspartate carbamoyltransferase which was a key enzyme on the pathway for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in tissues of irradiated animals upon administration of orotic acid and perftorane was conducted.

Material and methods: Studies were performed on random-bred albino rats subjected to a single γ-ray exposure at a total dose of 6 Gy. Orotic acid was injected as potassium salt in a dose of 60 mg / kg, perftoran salt in a dose of 1 ml / 100 g water.

Results: A decrease in the content of UTP and UDP, as well as an increase in UMP after irradiation, especially on the 7^th day, was established. The most pronounced changes in the studied biochemical parameters take place in the mucosa of the small intestine. The administration of orotic acid and perftorane to irradiated animals contributes to a significant correction of both the nucleotide content and the activity of aspartate carbamoyltransferase.

Conclusion: The radiation leads to some decrease in the content of UDP and UTP. Changes in the content of nucleotides and activity of aspartate carbamoyltransferase in the mucosa of the small intestine are more pronounced in comparison with liver tissue. The combined administration of orotic acid and perftorane promotes the normalization of the content of nucleotides, and the activity of aspartate carbamoyltransferase in the liver and mucous membrane of the small intestine of irradiated animals.

Key words: uridylic nucleotides, aspartate carbamoyltransferase, irradiation, orotic acid, perftoran, liver, small intestine, mucosa

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For citation: Nagiev ER, Nagieva SE, Ismailova FE. Study of Uridylic Nucleotides Contents and the Investigation Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase in Liver and Small Intestine Mucosa Exposed when Administered to Rats Orotic Acid and Perftoran. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(5):5-10. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_59f2ef130f5421.00591025

PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 4. P. 66-78

REVIEW

DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10b5ea417a6.00174966

The Drugs and Natural Antioxidants as the Components of Anti-Radiation Countermeasures During Space Flights

I.B. Ushakov¹, M.V. Vasin²

1. A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; 2. Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health Care of the Russian Federation, Moscow

I.B. Ushakov – Chief Scientific Researcher, Member of RAS, Dr. Sc. Med., Prof., M.V. Vasin – Honoured Science Worker of the Russian Federation, Dr. Sc. Med., Prof.

Abstract

Radiation situation for cosmonauts over long-term space flights is caused by low-rate radiation of galactic cosmic rays and solar cosmic rays consisting of high-energy proton as well as heavy particles (Z>10) within 1–2 % that is exclusively a threat of stochastic radiation effects (small increase of cancer risk and decrease of mean life span) for men. During interplanetary expedition periods the small probability of raised solar activity occurring approximately every 11 years there is a threat of exposure to astronauts at doses that cause deterministic radiation effects leading to the development of the disease as a clinical manifestation of radiation injuries. In a similar scenario it is necessary to have available to spaceship anti-radiation countermeasures for astronaut protection. Among personal radioprotective equipment can be provided with radiation protective agents and partial shielding of body separate section providing the best condition for post-radiation repair of radiosensitive body tissues. Preparation B-190 (indralin) is the most perspective from a small number of other radioprotectors permitting for men administration. Besides high radioprotective efficacy and large broadness of radioprotective action B-190 is well tolerated including the impact of extreme flight factors. Antiemetic agent latran (ondansetron) is most interesting among preparation for prophylaxis and reduction of prodromal radiation reaction. To accelerate post-radiation hematopoietic recovery after raised solar activity an administration of radiomitigators (riboxin et al.) is substantiated. Neupomax (neupogen) is recommended as a preparation for pathogenesis therapy of acute radiation syndrome. Possible consequences of long-term space voyages for oxidative stress development are taken into consideration. On their basis of natural antioxidants, preparations and nutrients as radiomodulators, fully qualitative nutrition including vegetable food enriched flavonoids, vitamins C, E and carotene potentially prevent a shorten of cosmonaut biological age induced by solar cosmic rays and galactic cosmic rays and stress factors of long-term cosmic voyages. Radiomodulators are low and non-toxic and have not side effects in recommended doses. Their radioprotective effect is directly induced by adaption reaction on cellular and organismic levels through gene expression modulation and in that way the increase of non-specific body tolerance. The implementation of radiomodulator action is possible through hormesis mechanism.

Key words: space radiation, manned space flights, radiation protective agents, indralin, latran (ondansetron), neupomax (filgrastim), natural antioxidants

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For citation: Ushakov IB, Vasin MV. The Drugs and Natural Antioxidants as the Components of Anti-radiation Countermeasures during Spase Flightss. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(4):66-78. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_59b10b5ea417a6.00174966

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