Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 6. P. 34-38

RADIATION SAFETY

DOI: 10.12737/article_5a2534e207ddc6.86154973

Radiological Aspects of Liquid Radioactive Waste Management from Nuclear Power Plants Operation

O.A. Kochetkov¹, E.A. Ivanov², D.A. Sharov²

1. A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; 2. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Nuclear Power Plants Operation Moscow, Russia.

O.A. Kochetkov – Head of Lab., PhD Tech, FMBA Expert, Member of RSCRP; E.A. Ivanov – Deputy Director, PhD Tech, Member of RSCRP, Member of Nuclear Society of Russia; D.A. Sharov – Head of Dep. of Radiation Safety, Ecology and Occupational Safety, PhD Phys.-Math.

Abstract

Purpose: The prospects and scale of the further development of nuclear energy depend to a large extent on the solution of the radioactive waste management (RW) problem. Special attention is given to management of the liquid radioactive waste (LRW), which poses the main potential hazard to the public and the environment, since LRW storage can lead to leaks into the environment.

The purpose of the paper is to examine the radiological aspects of LRW management from nuclear power plants (NPPs) operation and to study the influence of the list of radionuclides controlled in RW on the evaluation of the efficiency of LRW treatment technology and on the validity of radioactive waste characterization and classification.

Material and methods: The work is based on analysis of public materials (scientific publications, legal documents, international standards, recommendations of international organizations) in the area of LRW treatment and conditioning technologies, and methods of radioactive waste characterization, including information about accepted lists of controlled radionuclides.

Results: It is shown that an unreasonable reduction of the list of controlled radionuclides can lead to a significant underestimation of the radiological hazard of RW packages transferred for disposal. In order to optimize the volume of RW radiation control, the radionuclide vector technology was proposed. It is stated that the technology is not universal and its application in each specific case requires additional justification. It is shown that the correctness of accounting for the radiological characteristics of radioactive waste can significantly influence the evaluation of the efficiency of the radioactive waste treatment technology. A possible approach to determining the acceptability of LRW treatment technology based on the characteristics of the final products formed is suggested.

Conclusions: There is no universal approach to solve the problems of LRW treatment at the moment. A survey of the characteristics of LRW (chemical, physical, radiation) accumulated and formed during the operation of NPP with various types of reactors (VVER, RBMK, BN) should be performed to determine the initial requirements for LRW treatment technologies. A comprehensive analysis of the efficiency of LRW treatment technologies at all Russian NPPs is of interest with taking into account radionuclides that determine the radiological hazard of radioactive waste after the final disposal.

Key words: radioactive waste, liquid radioactive waste, nuclear power plant, radionuclide, radiological hazard, treatment technologies, selective sorption

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For citation: Kochetkov OA, Ivanov EA, Sharov DA. Radiological Aspects of Liquid Radioactive Waste Management from Nuclear Power Plants Operation. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(6):34-8. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_5a2534e207ddc6.86154973

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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 6. P. 21-27

DOI: 10.12737/article_5a25317ce480f3.74497732

RADIATION BIOLOGY

Comparison of the Combined Effects of Hyperthermia with Ionizing Radiation or Cisplatin on Yeast and Mammalian Cells

M.D. Pronkevich¹, E.S. Evstratova¹, S.V. Belkina¹, Yu.N. Anokhin^1,2, V.G. Petin¹

1. A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Obninsk, Russia, email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; 2. Obninsk Institute of Atomic Energy, Obninsk, Russia

M.D. Pronkevich – PhD Biol., Senior Researcher;  E.S. Evstartova – PhD Biol., Researcher; S.V. Belkina – PhD Biol. Senior Researcher; Yu.N. Anokhin – Head of Med. Phys. Dep., Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, PhD Med.; V.G. Petin – Head of Biophys. Lab., Dr. Sc. Biol., Prof., Member of Editorial Board of Korean Journal of Environmental Biology

Abstract

Purpose: To compare radiation responses of yeast and mammalian cells to combined actions of various agents and on this basis to draw a conclusion about the possibility of synergy ideas application in medical radiology.

Material and methods: The yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were exposed to the combined action of hyperthermia (22–58 °Ϭ exposure time 0–9 hrs) with ionizing radiation (25 MeV bremsstrahlung 5 and 25 Gy/min or γ-rays ⁶⁰Ү, 2, 10, and 80 Gy/min, acute irradiation) or anti-tumor drug cisplatin (0.05 or 0.25 mg/ml, exposure time 0–3 hrs). The result of synergistic interaction for yeast cells was assessed by the survival curves obtained by the authors after separate exposure to hyperthermia, ionizing radiation, cisplatin and after combined action of hyperthermia with ionizing radiation or cisplatin. To quantify the synergistic interaction of similar combined actions on mammalian cells, the data published by other authors have been used who did not evaluate the synergistic effect themselves.

Results: The synergistic interaction of hyperthermia with ionizing radiation or cisplatin was established for yeast and mammalian cells. It is shown that the synergistic effect of the simultaneous action of these agents is observed only within a certain temperature range, within which there is an optimal temperature at which the greatest synergism occurs. This optimal temperature is shifted to lower values with a decrease in the dose rate of ionizing radiation or concentration of cisplatin. For sequential application of hyperthermia and ionizing radiation the effect of combined action increases with an increase in acting temperature up to a certain limit, after which it remains constant. These results are interpreted using the mathematical models previously proposed, in accordance with which the synergism is determined by the formation of additional damage due to the interaction of sub-damage that are not effective after separate application of agents.

Despite the fact that all of the data presented were obtained at temperatures far beyond the ambient temperature, it is not excluded that there could be optimal intensities of harmful agents existing in the biosphere and capable of interacting with physiological heat of animals and man in a synergistic manner. Hence, the assessment of health or environmental risks from numerous natural and man-made agents at the level of intensities found in environmental and occupational settings should take into account synergistic interaction between harmful agents.

Conclusion: The general regularities of synergistic effects of combined action of hyperthermia with ionizing radiation or with cisplatin for yeast and mammalian cells have been established – the existence of optimal parameters for acting agents providing the highest synergy and its dependence on the intensity of agents applied.

Key words: ionizing radiation, hyperthermia, cysplatin, combined actions, synergism, optimization, yeast, mammalian cells

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For citation: Pronkevich MD, Evstratova ES, Belkina SV, Anokhin YuN, Petin VG. Comparison of the Combined Effects of Hyperthermia with Ionizing Radiation or Cisplatin on Yeast and Mammalian Cells. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(6):21-7. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_5a25317ce480f3.74497732

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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 6. P. 28-33

RADIATION SAFETY

DOI: 10.12737/article_5a2532f0a48001.58439636

About Defining the Borders of Radioactive Contamination Zones as a Result of Large Radiation Accidents. Message II. The Principled Approach

A.M. Skorobogatov¹, M.G. Germenchuk², A.V. Simonov¹, O.M. Zhukova², O.N. Apanasyuk¹

1. Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ; 2. Republican Center for Hydrometeorology, Control of Radioactive Contamination and Environmental Monitoring, Minsk, Belarus

A.M. Skorobogatov – Research Worker; M.G. Germenchuk – PhD Tech., First Deputy Head, Expert of the IAEA;A.V. Simonov – PhD Psych., Head of Department; O.M. Zhukova – PhD Tech., Head of Department, Expert of the IAEA; O.N. Apanasyuk – Senior Researcher

Abstract

Purpose: Development of methods of establishing the borders of radioactive contamination caused by major radiation accidents.

Results: Approaches for establishing Radioactive Contamination Zones (RCZ) and defining their borders are proposed based on the notion of a ‘RCZ’s accounting unit’. An area representing a generalized land plot, settlement, forestry and/or water body (i.e. minimum registration units of: the State Cadastre, the Administrative-Territorial Classifiers, the State Forest Registry, and the State Water Register) is proposed to be taken as the RCZ’s accounting unit.

The basic formal procedure provides for identification of the RCZ status for each contaminated area based on the condition of intervention level (criterion) excess by the relevant radiation-situation index. When developing a regulatory document on RCZ establishment, a list of land plots and settlements is drawn up with indication of the RCZ status (rank), the plot’s category and its unique number. Using information about the plot borders, a list of coordinates of characteristic points located at RCZ borders ranked by the RCZ status is made. Such a list may constitute an integral part of the relevant regulatory-and-legal document that establishes RCZ borders.

Conclusions: Taking of a land plot, settlement, forestry or water body as the ‘RCZ’s accounting unit’ enables RCZ’s establishment and determination of their borders using simple formal procedures and a specified number of indices. The RCZs can be presented as cumulative lists of cadastral plots and settlements, whereas their boundaries via the relevant descriptions of boundaries of the plots having different RCZ status.

Key words: radiation accidents, zone of radioactive pollution, border of a zone of radioactive pollution, the Chernobyl accident

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For citation: Skorobogatov AM, Germenchuk MG, Simonov AV, Zhukova OM, Apanasyuk ON. About Defining the Borders of Radioactive Contamination Zones as a Result of Large Radiation Accidents. Message II. The Principled Approach. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(6):28-33. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_5a2532f0a48001.58439636

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Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017. Vol. 62. No. 6. P. 12-20

RADIATION BIOLOGY

DOI: 10.12737/article_5a251dd2e01c02.38141187

Plutonium-239 Dioxide in the Lung. Report 2: Pathology of the Lungs of Rats Induced by Intratracheal Injection of Plutonium-239 Dioxide

E.S. Zhorova, I.K. Belyaev, V.S. Kalistratova, I.M. Parfenova, G.S. Tischenko, V.P. Saprykin, A.S. Samoylov

A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Byophisical Center, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

E.S. Zhorova – Leading Researcher, PhD Biol.; I.K. Belyaev – Head of Lab., PhD Biol.; V.S. Kalistratova – Leading Researcher, Dr. Sc. Med.; I.M. Parfenova – Research Fellow; G.S. ѩschenko – Researcher Fellow; V.P. Saprykin – Head of Lab., Dr. Sc. Med., Prof.; A.S. Samoylov – Director General of FMBC, Dr. Sc. Med.

Abstract

Purpose: The study of lung pathology induced by intratracheal injection of plutonium-239 dioxide and obtaining actual data on the dose-dependent profile of the remote consequences.

Material and methods: The plutonium dioxide was introduced into nonlinear white male rats once intratracheally in the amount of 100 kBq/kg body weight. Experimental animals were observed during their whole life. Radiometric, histoautoradiographical, histological and statistical research methods were used. Indicators of lung pathology were inflammatory, sclerotic, precancerous and neoplastic changes in the lungs.

Results: The calculation of absorbed doses in the lungs showed their variety from 1 to 400 Gy. The paper presents a quantitative analysis of remote lung pathology according to the groups with average absorbed doses from 7 to 306 Gy. The introduction of ²³⁹PuO₂ significantly increased the frequency of sclerotic changes of the lungs compared with intact rats (11 and 46 %, respectively). Tumors were found in the lungs of 20 % of intact rats and of 51 % of the rats that received ²³⁹PuO₂. Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin prevailed. They were formed in 9 % of the biological control rats and in 41 % of the rats, carriers of ²³⁹PuO₂. The dependence of the frequency of pathological changes in the lungs from absorbed dose in the organ was revealed.

Conclusion: A single intratracheal introduction of ²³⁹PuO₂ has increased the frequency of pathological changes in the lungs of rats compared with intact animals. With the increase of the absorbed dose in the lungs the number of rats with pneumosclerosis, tumors of epithelial origin and multiple tumors has grown. Most indicative are adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinomas. With the increasing of absorbed dose not only the frequency, but a spectrum of tumors varies. Dose response – probability of effect for each type of non-neoplastic and neoplastic pathology has its own character. For tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue, localized in the lungs, the opposite from tumors of epithelial origin, dependence of the frequency of their formation from the absorbed dose has been revealed.

Key words: the plutonium dioxide, intratracheal injection, rats, absorbed doses, pathology of the lungs

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For citation: Zhorova ES, Belyaev IK, Kalistratova VS, Parfenova IM, Tischenko GS, Saprykin VP, Samoylov AS. Plutonium-239 Dioxide in the Lung. Report 2: Pathology of the Lungs of Rats Induced by Intratracheal Injection of Plutonium-239 Dioxide. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017;62(6):12-20. Russian. DOI: 10.12737/article_5a251dd2e01c02.38141187

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