JOURNAL DESCRIPTION
The Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety journal ISSN 1024-6177 was founded in January 1956 (before December 30, 1993 it was entitled Medical Radiology, ISSN 0025-8334). In 2018, the journal received Online ISSN: 2618-9615 and was registered as an electronic online publication in Roskomnadzor on March 29, 2018. It publishes original research articles which cover questions of radiobiology, radiation medicine, radiation safety, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and scientific reviews. In general the journal has more than 30 headings and it is of interest for specialists working in thefields of medicine¸ radiation biology, epidemiology, medical physics and technology. Since July 01, 2008 the journal has been published by State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency. The founder from 1956 to the present time is the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and from 2008 to the present time is the Federal Medical Biological Agency.
Members of the editorial board are scientists specializing in the field of radiation biology and medicine, radiation protection, radiation epidemiology, radiation oncology, radiation diagnostics and therapy, nuclear medicine and medical physics. The editorial board consists of academicians (members of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS)), the full member of Academy of Medical Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, corresponding members of the RAS, Doctors of Medicine, professor, candidates and doctors of biological, physical mathematics and engineering sciences. The editorial board is constantly replenished by experts who work in the CIS and foreign countries.
Six issues of the journal are published per year, the volume is 13.5 conventional printed sheets, 88 printer’s sheets, 1.000 copies. The journal has an identical full-text electronic version, which, simultaneously with the printed version and color drawings, is posted on the sites of the Scientific Electronic Library (SEL) and the journal's website. The journal is distributed through the Rospechat Agency under the contract № 7407 of June 16, 2006, through individual buyers and commercial structures. The publication of articles is free.
The journal is included in the List of Russian Reviewed Scientific Journals of the Higher Attestation Commission. Since 2008 the journal has been available on the Internet and indexed in the RISC database which is placed on Web of Science. Since February 2nd, 2018, the journal "Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety" has been indexed in the SCOPUS abstract and citation database.
Brief electronic versions of the Journal have been publicly available since 2005 on the website of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal: http://www.medradiol.ru. Since 2011, all issues of the journal as a whole are publicly available, and since 2016 - full-text versions of scientific articles. Since 2005, subscribers can purchase full versions of other articles of any issue only through the National Electronic Library. The editor of the Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety Journal in accordance with the National Electronic Library agreement has been providing the Library with all its production since 2005 until now.
The main working language of the journal is Russian, an additional language is English, which is used to write titles of articles, information about authors, annotations, key words, a list of literature.
Since 2017 the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety has switched to digital identification of publications, assigning to each article the identifier of the digital object (DOI), which greatly accelerated the search for the location of the article on the Internet. In future it is planned to publish the English-language version of the journal Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety for its development. In order to obtain information about the publication activity of the journal in March 2015, a counter of readers' references to the materials posted on the site from 2005 to the present which is placed on the journal's website. During 2015 - 2016 years on average there were no more than 100-170 handlings per day. Publication of a number of articles, as well as electronic versions of profile monographs and collections in the public domain, dramatically increased the number of handlings to the journal's website to 500 - 800 per day, and the total number of visits to the site at the end of 2017 was more than 230.000.
The two-year impact factor of RISC, according to data for 2017, was 0.439, taking into account citation from all sources - 0.570, and the five-year impact factor of RISC - 0.352.
Issues journals
Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025. Vol. 70. № 5
DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-36-52
A.N. Koterov, L.N. Ushenkova, Yu.D. Udalov
Industry Bibliographical Databases: Perspectives of Use in The Fmba of Russia for Scientific Expertise in Decision-Making. Report 3. Methodology of Estimation a Hypothetical R&D Program for Nuclear Workers
A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
Contact person: Alexey N. Koterov, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Abstract
The presented review of three reports is devoted to bibliographic databases on medical-biological and other effects in nuclear workers (NW) and uranium miners (U miners), developed within the framework of the research theme of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia and registered with Rospatent. Report 1 outlined the introductory issues of the theory of databases, as well as registers, and provided information on the database for NW; Report 2 was devoted to the database for U miners. This Report 3 describes the application of the named databases: a) a scheme of the methodology for the examination of the declared research programs on the effects in NW and U miners based on the databases is presented and b) an example of using this methodology for the examination of a hypothetical program dedicated to the risk of mortality from testicular cancer for NW (rare effect) is analyzed. The six-stage methodology involves various types of searches for sources in databases with their subsequent analysis according to the main approach of Evidence-Based Medicine – the formation of a systematic review or a review close to it.
At stage 1 of the examination, based on fundamental materials included in the database (manuals and reviews on radiation disciplines, as well as thematic documents of international and internationally authoritative organizations – UNSCEAR, ICRP, IAEA, BEIR, etc.), the most general assessment of the R&D program is carried out in relation to the presence/absence of attribution of the effect to radiation. Stage 2 is based on the operational search for data on the effect of interest in two auxiliary fragments of the database (separately for Russian and foreign NW; in total 13 % of the entire database), subjected to three-level thematic cataloging in accordance with the identified areas of effect study in NW. At stage 3, a sample of studies similar in theme to the R&D program undergoing examination is formed by means of a visual or software search in the entire NW or U miners database (both by catalog names and by all source texts). At stage 4, the total sample undergoes a review analysis for the expected risk value and the presence of a dose–effect relationship. At stages 5 and 6 of the examination, the epidemiological and statistical justification of the R&D program is assessed, respectively. In the first case, by the expected risk value – ‘ignorable’ (up to 1.2), ‘weak’ (1.2–1.5), ‘moderate’ (1.5–3.0), etc., according to the gradations from R.R. Monson, 1990; in the second case, by assessing the possibility of obtaining significant changes in the expected risk in the declared sample.
As a result of the analysis using the example, it was concluded that the examination of the feasibility of implementing the research program for studying mortality from testicular cancer for NW does not lead to a positive conclusion at any stage. This is due to the low background level of the effect (~1 per 100,000 men per year) and the small risk value shown in those few studies where the tendency to the effect was recorded.
The conducted study confirms the feasibility of using the developed databases for NW and U miners in the expert information activities of institutions in the system of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia and other health departments covering contingents with the exposure of radiation and non-radiation factors.
Keywords: bibliographic databases, nuclear workers, uranium miners, medical and biological effects, research program assessment methodology, testicular cancer mortality
For citation: Koterov AN, Ushenkova LN, Udalov YuD. Industry Bibliographical Databases: Perspectives of Use in The Fmba of Russia for Scientific Expertise in Decision-Making. Report 3. Methodology of Estimation a Hypothetical R&D Program for Nuclear Workers. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025;70(5):36–52. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-36-52
References
1. Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Буланова Т.М., Богданенко Н.А. Отраслевые библиографические базы данных: перспективы использования в ФМБА России для научной экспертизы при принятии решений. Сообщение 1. Общие вопросы и база данных по медико-биологическим и иным эффектам у работников ядерной индустрии // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2025. Т.70 (препринт) [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Bulanova T.M., Bogdanenko N.A. Industry Bibliographic Databases: Prospects for Use in the FMBA of Russia for Scientific Expertise in Decision-Making. Report 1. General Issues and a Database on Medical, Biological and other Effects in Workers in the Nuclear Industry. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025; 70(2):88-106. (In Russ.)].
2. Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Буланова Т.М., Богданенко Н.А. Отраслевые библиографические базы данных: перспективы использования в ФМБА РОССИИ для научной экспертизы при принятии решений. Сообщение 2. База данных по медико-биологическим и иным эффектам у шахтеров урановых рудников // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2025. Т. 70 [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Bulanova T.M., Bogdanenko N.A. Industry Bibliographic Databases: Prospects for Use in the FMBA of Russia for Scientific Expertise in Decision-Making. Report 2. Database on Medical, Biological and Other Effects in Uranium Miners. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025; 70(4) (In Russ.)].
3. Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н. База данных (база источников) об эффектах лучевых и нелучевых воздействий для работников ядерной индустрии различных стран мира: Свидетельство о государственной регистрации № 2024623705: Опубликовано 22.08.2024. Бюллетень № 2 [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N. Baza Dannykh (Baza Istochnikov) ob Effektakh Luchevykh i Neluchevykh Vozdeystviy dlya Rabotnikov Yadernoy Industrii Razlichnykh Stran Mira = Database (Source Database) on the Effects of Radiation and Non-Radiation Exposure for Workers in the Nuclear Industry in Different Countries of the World. Certificate of State Registration No. 2024623705. Published 08.22.2024. Bulletin No. 2 (In Russ.)].
4. Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н. База данных (база источников) об эффектах лучевых и нелучевых воздействий для шахтеров урановых рудников различных стран мира: Свидетельство о государственной регистрации № 2024623706: Опубликовано 22.08.2024, Бюллетень № 2 [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N. Baza Dannykh (Baza Istochnikov) ob Effektakh Luchevykh i Neluchevykh Vozdeystviy dlya Shakhterov Uranovykh Rudnikov Razlichnykh Stran Mira = Database (Source Database) on the Effects of Radiation and Non-Radiation Exposure for Uranium Miners in Different Countries of the World. Certificate of state registration No. 2024623706. Published 08.22.2024, Bulletin No. 2 (In Russ.)].
5. Дмитренко И.П., Краснова Ю.И. Экспертиза НИР // Актуальные проблемы гуманитарных и естественных наук. 2015. №10. Ч. I. С. 85–102 [Dmitrenko I.P., Krasnova Yu.I. Expertise of Research Work. Aktual’nyye Problemy Gumanitarnykh i Yestestvennykh Nauk = Actual Problems of Humanitarian and Natural Sciences. 2015;10;1:85–102 (In Russ.)].
6. Guyatt G., Cairns J., Churchill D., et al. The Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence Based Medicine: a new Approach to Teaching the Practice of Medicine. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1992;268;17:2420-2425. doi: 10.1001/jama.1992.03490170092032.
7. Guzelian P.S., Victoroff M.S., Halmes N.C., James R.C., Guzelian C.P. Evidence-Based Toxicology: a Comprehensive Framework for Causation. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2005;24;4:161-201. doi: 10.1191/0960327105ht517oa.
8. Андреева Н.С., Реброва О.Ю., Зорин Н.А., Авксентьева М.В., Омельяновский В.В. Системы оценки достоверности научных доказательств и убедительности рекомендаций: сравнительная характеристика и перспективы унификации // Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор. 2012. №4. С. 10-24 [Andreyeva N.S., Rebrova O.Yu., Zorin N.A., Avksent’yeva M.V., Omel’yanovskiy V.V. Systems for Assessing the Reliability of Scientific Evidence and the Persuasiveness of Recommendations: Comparative Characteristics and Prospects for Unification. Meditsinskiye Tekhnologii. Otsenka i Vybor = Medical Technologies. Assessment and Choice. 2012;4:10-24 (In Russ.)].
9. Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Дибиргаджиев И.Г., Буланова Т.М. Сравнение риска общей смертности для работников ядерной индустрии, шахтеров урановых рудников и других профессий с риском пассивного курения (мета-анализы) // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2024. Т.69. №5. С. 75-86 [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Dibirgadzhiyev I.G., Bulanova T.M. Comparison of the Risk of Overall Mortality for Workers in the Nuclear Industry, Uranium Miners and other Professions with the Risk of Passive Smoking (Meta-Analyses). Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2024;69;5:75-86 (In Russ.)]. doi:10.33266/1024-6177-2024-69-5-75-86.
10. Handbook of Epidemiology. Ed. W. Ahrens, I. Pigeot. New York, Heidelberg, London, Springer, 2014. 2498 p.
11. Sample Size Calculations. Sample Size for a Cohort Study. URL: https://epitools.ausvet.com.au/cohortss.
12. Калинкин Д.Е., Карпов А.Б., Тахауов Р.М., Бульдович Д.Б., Орешин А.А., Максимов Д.Е. Онкоурологическая заболеваемость персонала радиационно опасных производств (на примере персонала Сибирского химического комбината) // Врач. 2014. №11. С. 42–44. [Kalinkin D.Ye., Karpov A.B., Takhauov R.M., Bul’dovich D.B., Oreshin A.A., Maksimov D.Ye. Oncourological Morbidity of Personnel of Radiation Hazardous Industries (on the Example of Personnel of the Siberian Chemical Plant). Vrach = Doctor. 2014;11:42–44
(In Russ.)]
13. Wing S. Basics of Radiation Epidemiology. In Book Radiation Health. Effects. Ed. by G.M. Burdman, L. Kaplan. Seattle, Hanford Health Information Network, 1994. URL: http://www.geocities.ws/irradiated45rems/7page6.html.
14. Boice J.D. Jr. Ionizing Radiation. Book Schottenfeld and Fraumeni Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Ed. by D. Schottenfeld, J.F. Fraumeni. New York, Oxford University Press, 2006. P. 259–293.
15. Boice J.D. Jr., Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture: Radiation Epidemiology the Golden Age and Future Challenges. Health Phys. 2011;100;1:59–76. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181f9797d.
16. Boice J.D. Jr. How to Protect the Public when you Can’t Measure the Risk - the Role of Radiation Epidemiology. Rolf Sievert Award Lecture. In Proc. of 14th International Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA). Cape Town, South Africa, May 9–13, 2016;1:1.
17. Boice J.D., Held K.D., Shore R.E. Radiation Epidemiology and Health Effects Following Low-Level Radiation Exposure. J. Radiol. Prot. 2019;39;4:S14–S27. doi: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab2f3d.
18. Zeeb H., Merzenich H., Wicke H., Blettner M. Radiation Epidemiology. In Book Schottenfeld and Fraumeni Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Ed. M.J. Thun, et al. New York, Oxford University Press, 2018. P. 2003–2037.
19. Berrington de Gonzalez A., Bouville A., Rajaraman P., Schubauer-Berigan M. Ionizing Radiation. In Book Schottenfeld and Fraumeni Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Ed. by M.J. Thun, M.S. Linet, J.R. Cerhan, C. Haiman, D. Schottenfeld. New York, Oxford University Press, 2018. P. 227–248.
20. Котеров А.Н. От очень малых до очень больших доз радиации: новые данные по установлению диапазонов и их экспериментально-эпидемиологические обоснования // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2013. Т.58. №2. С. 5-21 [Koterov A.N. From Very Small to Very Large Doses of Radiation: New Data on Establishing Ranges and their Experimental and Epidemiological Justifications. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2013;58;2:5-21 (In Russ.)].
21. Москалев Ю.И. Отдаленные последствия воздействия ионизирующих излучений. М.: Медицина, 1991. 464 с. [Moskalev Yu.I. Otdalennyye Posledstviya Vozdeystviya Ioniziruyushchikh Izlucheniy = Remote Consequences of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Moscow, Meditsina Publ., 1991. 464 p. (In Russ.)].
22. Радиационная медицина / Под общ. ред. Л.А. Ильина. Т.1. Теоретические основы радиационной медицины. М.: ИздАТ, 2004. 992 с. [Radiatsionnaya Meditsina = Radiation Medicine. Ed. L.A. Il’in. Vol. 1. Theoretical Foundations of Radiation Medicine. Moscow, IzdAT Publ., 2004. 992 p. (In Russ.)]
23. Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Вайнсон А.А., Дибиргаджиев И.Г., Калинина М.В., Бушманов А.Ю. Риск смертности от основных патологий вследствие пассивного курения не достигается подавляющим большинством работников ядерной индустрии всех периодов занятости // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2024. Т.69. №3. С. 57-67 [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Vaynson A.A., Dibirgadzhiyev I.G., Kalinina M.V., Bushmanov A.Yu. The Risk of Mortality from Major Pathologies Due to Passive Smoking is Not Achieved by the Overwhelming Majority of Workers in the Nuclear Industry of all Periods of Employment. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2024;69;3:57-67 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.33266/1024-6177-2024-69-3-57-67.
24. UNSCEAR 1988. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annex. Annex F. Radiation Carcinogenesis in Man. United Nations. New York, 1988. P. 405–543.
25. UNSCEAR 1994. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annex. Annex A. Epidemiological Studies of Radiation Carcinogenesis. New York, 1994. P. 11–183.
26. UNSCEAR 2006. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Annex A. Epidemiological Studies of Radiation and Cancer. United Nations. New York, 2008. P. 17–322.
27. ICRP Publication 99. Low-Dose Extrapolation of Radiation-Related Cancer Risk. Annals of the ICRP. Ed. J. Valentin. Amsterdam – New-York, Elsevier, 2006. 147 p.
28. ICRP Publication 103. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of the ICRP.
Ed. J. Valentin. Amsterdam ‒ New York, Elsevier, 2007. 329 p.
29. NCRP Commentary No. 24. Health Effects of Low Doses of Radiation: Perspectives on Integrating Radiation Biology and Epidemiology. 2015. 103 p. URL: https://ncrponline.org/shop/commentaries/commentary-no-24-health-effects-of-low-doses-of-radiation-perspectives-on-integrating-radiation-biology-and-epidemiology-2015/.
30. National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Radiation Effects Research, Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII. Phase 2. Washington, National Academies Press, 2006. 422 p.
31. IARC 2012. Radiation. A Review of Human Carcinogens. V. 100D. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 2012. 341 p.
32. Aschengrau A., Seage G.R. III. Epidemiology in Public Health. 4th Edition. Burlington, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2020. 528 p.
33. IARC 2020. World Cancer Report. Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. Ed. C.P. Wild, E. Weiderpass, B.W. Stewart. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, 2020. 596 p.
34. Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE) USA. Final Report. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1995. 929 p. URL: https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/achre/final/report.html
35. Yousif L., Blettner M., Hammer G.P., Zeeb H. Testicular Cancer Risk Associated with Occupational Radiation Exposure: a Systematic Literature Review. Radiol. Prot. 2010;30;3:389–406. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/30/3/R01.
36. Preston D.L., Shimizu Y., Pierce D.A., et al. Studies of Mortality of Atomic Bomb Survivors. Report 13: Solid Cancer and Noncancer Disease Mortality: 1950–1997. Radiat. Res. 2003;160;4:381–407. doi: 10.1667/rr3049.
37. Ozasa K., Shimizu Y., Suyama A., et al. Studies of the Mortality of Atomic Bomb Survivors, Report 14, 1950–2003: an Overview of Cancer and Noncancer Diseases. Radiat Res. 2012;177;3:229–243. doi: 10.1667/RR2629.1.
38. Preston D.L., Ron E., Tokuoka S., et al. Solid Cancer Incidence in Atomic Bomb Survivors: 1958–1998. Radiat Res. 2007;168;1:1-64. doi: 10.1667/RR0763.1.
39. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Ed. J.P.T. Higgins, T. James, J. Chandler, et al. Cochrane, Willey Blackwell, 2019 694 p. doi: 10.1002/9781119536604.
40. Boddie K. How to Determine if the 10% Rule is Satisfied When Sampling without Replacement. South Carolina College- and Career-Ready Standards for Mathematics (SCCCR) — Probability and Statistics Skills Practice. Study.com. 2024. URL: https://study.com/skill/learn/determining-if-the-10-rule-is-satisfied-when-sampling-for-the-sample-mean-is-done-without-replacement-explanation.html.
41. Lindsay J.P., Stavraky K.M., Howe G.R. The Canadian Labour Force Ten Percent Sample Study. Cancer Mortality among Men, 1965–1979. J. Occup. Med. 1993;35;4:408-414.
42. Калинкин Д.Е., Карпов А.Б., Тахауов Р.М., Хлынин С.М., Самойлова Ю.А., Ширяева И.В. и др. Риск развития злокачественных новообразований у персонала радиационно-опасных производств (на примере персонала Сибирского химического комбината) // Вопросы онкологии. 2013. Т.1. №59. С. 41-46. [Kalinkin D.Ye., Karpov A.B., Takhauov R.M., Khlynin S.M., Samoylova Yu.A., Shiryayeva I.V., et al. Risk of Developing Malignant Neoplasms in Personnel of Radiation-Hazardous Industries (Using the Personnel of the Siberian Chemical Plant as an Example). Voprosy Onkologii = Issues of Oncology. 2013;1;59:41-46 (In Russ.)].
43. Калинкин Д.Е. Факторы формирования здоровья населения городов в зоне воздействия предприятий атомной индустрии: Автореф. дис…докт. мед. наук. Томск, 2015. 47 с. [Kalinkin D.Ye. Faktory Formirovaniya Zdorov’ya Naseleniya Gorodov v Zone Vozdeystviya Predpriyatiy Atomnoy Industrii = Factors in the Formation of Health of the Population of Cities in the Zone of Influence of Nuclear Industry Enterprises. Extended Abstract of Doctor’s Thesis (Med.). Tomsk Publ., 2015. 47 p. (In Russ.)].
44. Baysson H., Laurier D., Tirmarche M., Valenty M., Giraud J.M. Epidemiological Response to a Suspected Excess of Cancer among a Group of Workers Exposed to Multiple Radiological and Chemical Hazards. Occup. Environ. Med. 2000;57;3:188-194. doi: 10.1136/oem.57.3.188.
45. Boice J.D. Jr. The Importance of Radiation Worker Studies. J. Radiol. Prot. 2014;34;3:E7-E12. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/34/3/E7.
46. Boice J.D. Jr. The Linear Nonthreshold (LNT) Model as Used in Radiation Protection: an NCRP Update. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2017;93;10:1079-1092. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1328750.
47. Dr John D. Boice Jr. Curriculum Vitae. ICRP. URL: https://www.icrp.org/cv/%7B2A6A529B-0533-401A-B64B-61055E23BF80%7D/Boice_CV.pdf.
48. Обеснюк В.Ф. Осторожно, человеко-годы! Опыт наблюдения парадокса Симпсона в эпидемиологических исследованиях риска // Анализ риска здоровью. 2017. №4. С. 23-31 [Obesnyuk V.F. Beware of Man-Years! Experience of Observing Simpson’s Paradox in Epidemiological Studies of Risk. Analiz Riska Zdorov’yu = Health Risk Analysis. 2017;4:23-31 (In Russ.)]. doi:10.21668/health.risk/2017.4.02.
49. Symons M.J., Taulbee J.D. Practical Considerations for Approximating Relative Risk by the Standardized Mortality Ratio. J. Occup. Med. 1981;23;6:413–416. doi: 10.1097/00043764-198106000-00013.
50. The Million Person Study of Low-Dose Radiation Health Effects. Ed. J.D. Boice Jr, A. Bouville, L.T. Dauer, A.P. Golden, R. Wakeford. Florida, CRC Press, 2024. 380 p.
51. Muirhead C.R., O’Hagan J.A., Haylock R.G.E., Phillipson M.A., Willcock T., Berridge G.L.C., Zhang W. Mortality and Cancer Incidence Following Occupational Radiation Exposure: third Analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers. Br. J. Cancer. 2009;100;1:206–212. doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604825.
52. Richardson D.B., Cardis E., Daniels R.D., Gillies M., Haylock R., Leuraud K., et al. Site-Specific Solid Cancer Mortality after Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: a Cohort Study of Workers (INWORKS). Epidemiology. 2018;29;1:31-40. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000761.
53. Leuraud K., Fournier L., Samson E., Caer-Lorho S., Laurier D. Mortality in the French Cohort of Nuclear Workers. Radioprotection. 2017;52;3:199-210. doi: 10.1051/radiopro/2017015.
54. Azizova T.V., Batistatou E., Grigorieva E.S., McNamee R., Wakeford R., Liu H., et al. An Assessment of Radiation-Associated Risks of Mortality from Circulatory Disease in the Cohorts of Mayak and Sellafield Nuclear Workers. Radiat Res. 2018;189;4:371-388. doi: 10.1667/RR14468.1.
55. Семенова Ю.В., Карпов А.Б., Тахауов Р.М., Мильто И.В., Шанина Е.И., Ковальчук Е.В., Суслова Т.Е. Маркеры эндотелиальной дисфункции у пациентов с артериальной гипертонией, подвергавшихся профессиональному облучению низкой интенсивности // Кардиология. 2020. Т.60. №10. С. 73–79 [Semenova Yu.V., Karpov A.B., Takhauov R.M., Mil’to I.V., Shanina Ye.I., Koval’chuk Ye.V., Suslova T.Ye. Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Arterial Hypertension Exposed to Low-Intensity Occupational Irradiation. Kardiologiya = Cardiology. 2020;60;10:73-79 (In Russ.)] doi: 10.18087/cardio.2020.10.n1236.
56. Ashmore J.P., Krewski D., Zielinski J.M., Jiang H., Semenciw R., Band P.R. First Analysis of Mortality and Occupational Radiation Exposure Based on the National Dose Registry of Canada. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1998;148;6:564–574. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009682.
57. Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Вайнсон А.А. Работники ядерной индустрии – к вопросу об унификации русскоязычной терминологии (краткое сообщение) // Мед. радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2023. Т.68. №3. С. 80-84 [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Vaynson A.A. Nuclear Industry Workers – on the Issue of Unification of Russian-Language Terminology (Short Message). Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;68;3:80-84 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-3-80-84.
58. Калинкин Д.Е., Карпов А.Б., Тахауов Р.М., Хлынин С.М., Самойлова Ю.А., Ширяева И.В., Бульдович Д.Б. Возможные пути совершенствования системы охраны здоровья мужского персонала предприятий атомной промышленности // Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2012. Т.11. №2. С. 139–145 [Kalinkin D.Ye., Karpov A.B., Takhauov R.M., Khlynin S.M., Samoylova YU.A., Shiryayeva I.V., Bul’dovich D.B. Possible Ways to Improve the Health Protection System for Male Personnel of Nuclear Industry Enterprises. Byulleten’ Sibirskoy Meditsiny = Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2012;11;2:139-145 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.20538/1682-0363-2012-2-139-145.
59. Калинкин Д.Е., Тахауов Р.М., Мильто И.В., Карпов А.Б., Тахауова Л.Р., Жуйкова Л.Д., Ананина О.А. Анализ заболеваемости злокачественными новообразованиями персонала Cибирского химического комбината // Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2021. Т.20. №5. С. 5-17 [Kalinkin D.Ye., Takhauov R.M., Mil’to I.V., Karpov A.B., Takhauova L.R., Zhuykova L.D., Anan’ina O.A. Analysis of the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms among the Personnel of the Siberian Chemical Plant. Sibirskiy Onkologicheskiy Zhurnal = Siberian Oncology Journal. 2021;20;5:5-17 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.21294/1814-4861-2021-20-5-5-17.
60. Boice J.D. Jr, Cohen S.S., Mumma M.T., Hagemeyer D.A., Chen H., Golden A.P., et al. Mortality from Leukemia, Cancer and Heart Disease among U.S. Nuclear Power Plant Workers, 1957–2011. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2022a;98;4:657-678. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1967507.
61. Boice J.D. Jr, Cohen S.S., Mumma M.T., Golden A.P., Howard S.C., Girardi D.J., et al. Mortality among Workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1943–2017. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2022b;98;4:722–749. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1917784.
62. Gillies M., Haylock R. The Cancer Mortality and Incidence Experience of Workers at British Nuclear Fuels plc, 1946–2005. J. Radiol. Prot. 2014;34;3:595–623. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/34/3/595.
63. Monson R.R. Occupational Epidemiology. Florida-Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1980. 219 p.; 1990. 312 p.
64. Cardis E., Vrijheid M., Blettner M., Gilbert E., Hakama M., Hill C., et al. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks. Radiat Res. 2007;167;4:396–416. doi: 10.1667/RR0553.1.
65. AGIR-2011. Risk of Solid Cancers Following Radiation Exposure: Estimates for the UK Population. Report of the Independent Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation. Health Protection Agency, RCE-19. 2011. 260 p.
66. Cancers Due to Ionising Radiation. Report by the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council (IIAC). Parliament by the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. By Command of Her Majesty. Great Britain. 2016. 26 p. URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancers-due-to-ionising-radiation-iiac-report.
67. Trabalka J.R., Apostoaei A.I., Hoffman F.O., et al. Dose and Dose-Rate Effectiveness Factors for Low-LET Radiation for Application to NIOSH-IREP. Oak Ridge Center for Risk Analysis, Inc. cdc.gov, NIOSH Radiation Dose Reconstruction Program. June 2017. 394 p.
68. UNSCEAR 2019. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. Annex A. Evaluation of Selected Health Effects and Inference of Risk Due to Radiation Exposure. New York, 2020. 301 p.
69. Котеров А.Н., Ушенкова Л.Н., Зубенкова Э.С., Вайнсон А.А., Калинина М.В., Бирюков А.П. Сила связи. Сообщение 1. Градации относительного риска // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2019. Т.64. №4. С. 5-17 [Koterov A.N., Ushenkova L.N., Zubenkova E.S., Vaynson A.A., Kalinina M.V., Biryukov A.P. Strength of Communication. Report 1. Relative Risk Gradations. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2019;64;4:5-17 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.12737/Article_5d1adb25725023.14868717.
70. Rittiphairoj T., Reilly A., Reddy C.L., Barrenho E., Colombo F., Atun R. The State of Cardiovascular Disease in G20+ Countries. Health Systems Innovation Lab, Harvard University, 2022. 58 p. doi: 10.54111/0001/HSIL/cvdg20.
PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financing. The study had no sponsorship.
Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.
Article received: 20.05.2025. Accepted for publication: 25.06.2025.
Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025. Vol. 70. № 5
DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-53-57
N.L. Proskuryakova, A.V. Simakov, Yu.V. Abramov, T.M. Alferova
Current Tasks of Personnel Radiation Protection Management
A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
Contact person: N.L. Proskuryakova, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Improving the methodology of personnel protection management, taking into account the proposed new radiation-hygienic, methodological and organizational measures aimed at ensuring the protection of personnel of radiation-hazardous facilities.
Material and methods: The article provides a comparative analysis of the main management measures to solve the problem of ensuring radiation safety of personnel of radiation-hazardous facilities and new solutions developed in the period 2018–2024.
Results: Based on previous research conducted by specialists of A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center for the study of working conditions of personnel of nuclear energy facilities, a set of basic organizational and technical measures aimed at regulating radiation safety and personnel protection management has been developed, including: organization and conduct of radiation monitoring; forecasting staff exposure doses; selection of personnel for performing radiation-hazardous work, including emergency recovery work; planning of measures to implement the principle of optimizing radiation protection; development and establishment of control levels of exposure to radiation factors; organization of training and training of personnel; continuous improvement of the level of industrial safety culture. However, the personnel protection management system requires constant improvement in accordance with the changing parameters of the production environment, modern technologies, working conditions and staff health indicators. First of all, these changes affected the procedures for establishing control levels of radiation conditions and radiation doses for personnel; determining the list of persons belonging to groups A and B personnel at various facilities of the Rosatom State Corporation and selecting personnel with a sufficient reserve of individual doses to perform radiation-hazardous work in conditions of increased planned exposure.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the conducted research, it is recommended to supplement the set of measures implemented to solve the problem of radiation safety management (protection) of personnel with improved methods for selecting personnel from emergency rescue units, establishing a list of persons belonging to groups A and B personnel, and establishing control levels of radiation doses and radiation environment parameters.
Keywords: radiation protection management, control level, increased planned exposure of personnel, radiation facility
For citation: Proskuryakova NL, Simakov AV, Abramov YuV, Alferova TM. Current Tasks of Personnel Radiation Protection Management. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025;70(5):53–57. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-53-57
References
1. Simakov A.V., Abramov Yu.V., Proskuryakova N.L. Radiation-Hygienic Aspects of Personnel Safety Management. Gigiyena i Sanitariya = Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian Journal. 2017;9;96:878-882 (In Russ.). doi 10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-9-878-882. EDN ZSSBIT.
2. Proskuryakova N.L., Bobrov A.F., Simakov A.V., Fortunatova L.I. Methodological Approaches to the Selection of Personnel for Emergency Rescue Teams to Eliminate the Consequences of Radiation Accidents. Meditsina Katastrof = Disaster Medicine. 2023;3:13-18 (In Russ.). doi 10.33266/2070-1004-2023-3-13-18. EDN BOBOYQ.
3. Publikatsiya 75 MKRZ. Obshchiye Printsipy Radiatsionnoy Zashchity Personala. = Publication 75 ICRP. General Principles of Radiation Protection Of Personnel. Ekaterinburg, Uralekspotsentr Publ., 1999. 93 p. (In Russ.).
4. Simakov A.V., Abramov Yu.V., Proskuryakova N.L., et al. Methodological Approaches to Establishing Control Levels of Radiation Environment Parameters and Personnel Exposure Doses. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021;66:20-24 (In Russ.). doi 10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-1-20-24. EDN DLFMRM.
5. SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09 Radiation Safety Standards. NRB-99/2009 (In Russ.).
6. Proskuryakova N.L. Indicators for Assessing Professional Risks of Workers at Nuclear Facilities. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2022;3:36–40 (In Russ.).
7. Proskuryakova N.L. Current Issues of Methodological Support for the Assessment and Management of Professional Risks of Workers at Nuclear Facilities. Aktual’nyye Voprosy Meditsiny Truda V Usloviyakh Novoy Koronavirusnoy Infektsii = Current Issues of Occupational Medicine in the Context of a New Coronavirus Infection. Collection of Works of the Correspondence Scientific and Practical Conference. Ed. S.V.Grebenkov. St. Petersburg, May 17, 2022. St. Petersburg, Severo-Zapadnyy Gosudarstvennyy Meditsinskiy Universitet imeni I.I.Mechnikova Publ., 2022. P. 189-196 (In Russ.).
8. Bayevskiy R.M., Berseneva A.P. Vvedeniye v Donozologicheskuyu Diagnostiku = Introduction to Pre-Clinical Diagnostics. Moscow, Slovo Publ., 2008. 220 p. (In Russ.).
9. Bobrov A.F., Novikova T.M., Sedin V.I., Fortunatova L.I. Systemic Criteria for Differential Express Diagnostics of Pre-Clinical Disorders of Occupational Health of Workers at Nuclear Facilities. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;2:29–34 (In Russ.).
10. Bushmanov A.Yu., Kalinina M.Yu., Shcheblanov V.Yu., Sedin V.I., Bobrov A.F., Fortunatova L.I. Funktsional’naya Nadozhnost’ v Sisteme Mediko-Psikhofiziologicheskogo Obespecheniya Rabotnikov Ob’yektov Ispol’zovaniya Atomnoy Energii = Functional Reliability in the System of Medical and Psychophysiological Support of Workers at Nuclear Facilities. Moscow, Federal’nyy Meditsinskiy Biofizicheskiy Tsentr im. A.I.Burnazyana Publ., 2022. 91 p. (In Russ.).
PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financing. The study had no sponsorship.
Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.
Article received: 20.05.2025. Accepted for publication: 25.06.2025.
Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025. Vol. 70. № 5
DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-63-69
T.V. Azizova1, E.S. Grigoryeva1, N. Hamada2
Influence of Dose Rate on Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in the Mayak Employee Cohort
1 Southern Urals Federal Medical Biophysics Research Centre, Ozyorsk, Russia
2 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
Contact person: T.V. Azizova , e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of radiation dose rate on the mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a cohort of workers chronically exposed to ionizing radiation.
Material and methods: The study considered the subcohort of the Mayak Production Association (PA) workers (WSC) who were hired between 1948 and 1982 and were living in the city of Ozyorsk (residents). The WSC included 13,156 individuals who were followed up until December 31, 2018 (13,156 individuals). To assess the impact of dose rate on the mortality from IHD, the dose window method was applied. In the first phase of the study, we analyzed the dose-response relationship using the excess relative risk (ERR) per unit dose of external radiation exposure (in Gy) based on the conventional linear model. Subsequently, we performed the analysis considering the radiation dose rate by utilizing annual doses recorded with individual film badge dosimeters. We defined the dose rate cut-off points from 5 to 50 mGy/year, with intervals of 5 mGy. To compare the conventional model with the dose-rate models, the maximum likelihood technique was used. All the calculations were carried out using the AMFIT module of the EPICURE software.
Results: We found the significantly increased IHD mortality risk in workers exposed at dose rates >0.015 Gy/year, >0.020 Gy/year, >0.025 Gy/year, >0.030 Gy/year, >0.035 Gy/year, >0.040 Gy/year, >0.045 Gy/year, >0.050 Gy/year compared to dose rates below these cut-off points. The uninterrupted radiation exposure at dose rate above a cut-off point during 5 consecutive years considerably increased the IHD mortality risk. Exclusion of the adjustment for alpha dose from the model resulted in the decrease of the ERR/Gy at higher dose rate and to the loss of the statistical significance for certain cut-off points (0.045 and 0.050 Gy). On the contrary, the exclusion of this adjustment resulted in the increase in risk estimates at lower dose rates for all cut-off points without any changes in the statistical significance of the estimates.
Conclusions: The study results indicate that the excess relative risks of the IHD mortality per unit dose of external radiation exposure in nuclear workers chronically exposed to ionizing radiation depended on the dose rate and the duration of the uninterrupted exposure at higher dose rates.
Keywords: mortality, ischemic heart disease, ocupational radiation exposure, ionizing radiation dose rate
For citation: Azizova TV, Grigoryeva ES, Hamada N. Influence of Dose Rate on Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in the Mayak Employee Cohort. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025;70(5):63–69. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-63-69
References
1. Brenner A.V., et al. Comparison of All Solid Cancer Mortality and Incidence Dose-Response in the Life Span Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1958-2009. Radiat Res. 2022 May; 1;197:491-508. doi: 10.1667/RADE-21-00059.1.
2. Metz-Flamant C., Samson E., Caër-Lorho S., Acker A., Laurier D. Leukemia Risk Associated with Chronic External Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in a French Cohort of Nuclear Workers. Radiat Res. 2012;178;5:489-98. doi: 10.1667/RR2822.1.
3. Sasaki M., Kudo S., Furuta H. Effect of Radiation Dose Rate on Cancer Mortality among Nuclear Workers: Reanalysis of Hanford Data. Health Phys. 2019;117;1:13-19. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001039.
4. Sasaki M., Kudo S., Furuta H. Effect of Radiation Dose Rate on Circulatory Disease Mortality among Nuclear Workers: Reanalysis of Hanford Data. Health Phys. 2020;119;3:280-288. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001230.
5. Clement C., et al. Keeping the ICRP Recommendations Fit for Purpose. J Radiol Prot. 2021;41:4. doi:10.1088/1361-6498/ac1611.
6. Laurier D., Rühm W., Paquet F., Applegate K., Cool D., Clement C. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Areas of Research to Support the System of Radiological Protection. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2021;60;4:519-530. doi: 10.1007/s00411-021-00947-1.
7. Kruglov A. The History of the Soviet Atomic Industry. London, Taylor and Francis, 2002. 273 p.
8. ICD-9 Guidelines for Coding Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death/Revision 1975. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 1980.
9. Azizova T.V., et al. The “Clinic” Medical-Dosimetric Database of Mayak Production Association Workers: Structure, Characteristics and Prospects of Utilization. Health Phys. 2008;94;5:449-458. doi: 10.1097/01.HP.0000300757.00912.a2.
10. Napier B.A. The Mayak Worker Dosimetry System (MWDS-2013): an Introduction to the Documentation. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2017;176;1-2:6-9. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncx020.
11. Azizova T.V., Bannikova M.V., Grigoryeva E.S., Briks K.V., Hamada N. Mortality from Various Diseases of the Circulatory System in the Russian Mayak Nuclear Worker Cohort: 1948-2018. J Radiol Prot. 2022;42:2. doi: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac4ae3.
12. Preston D., Lubin J., Pierce D., McConney M. Epicure Users Guide. Seattle, Hirosoft, 1993.
13. Mitchel R.E., et al. Low-Dose Radiation Exposure and Protection against Atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-)Mice: the Influence of P53 Heterozygosity. Radiat Res. 2013;179;2:190-9. doi: 10.1667/RR3140.1.
14. Mancuso M., et al. Acceleration of Atherogenesis in ApoE-/-Mice Exposed to Acute or Low-Dose-Rate Ionizing Radiation. Oncotarget. 2015;6;31:31263-71. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5075.
15. Andreassi M.G., et al. Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis and Early Vascular Aging from Long-Term Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Exposure: a Genetic, Telomere, and Vascular Ultrasound Study in Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Staff. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8;4:616-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2014.12.233.
16. Kloosterman A., et al. How Radiation Influences Atherosclerotic Plaque Development: a Biophysical Approach in ApoE-/-Mice. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2017;56;4:423-431. doi: 10.1007/s00411-017-0709-2.
PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financing. The study had no sponsorship.
Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.
Article received: 20.05.2025. Accepted for publication: 25.06.2025.
Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025. Vol. 70. № 5
DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-58-62
M.V. Osipov1, P.S. Druzhinina2, M.E. Sokolnikov1
Evaluating the Long-Term Health Effects of Diagnostic Radiation Exposure: Opportunities and Future Directions
1 Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russia
2 P.V. Ramzaev Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Contact person: M.V. Osipov, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To create a factual basis for conducting epidemiological studies on the long-term effects of low-dose diagnostic radiation exposure due to computed tomography examinations among the population living near the nuclear industrial complex enterprise.
Material and methods: The primary source of information for the study was the archival registration logs of patients who underwent computed tomography at medical clinics of the Chelyabinsk region. Epidemiological surveillance of residents of Ozyorsk was carried out retrospectively using the cohort methodology. Information on main risk factors of radiation and non-radiation nature was collected for the study, and the cancer incidence was used as the outcome criteria. The information collected was stored in the “CT Register” database.
Results: As of December 31, 2024, the database contains information on 34,264 records of 20,488 men and women aged 0 to 90 years. The follow-up period started on January 1, 1989 and ended on December 31, 2022. At the end of follow-up, 20 % of the individuals in the study cohort are alive, 38 % have died from various causes. The average effective dose for 1 CT study is 4.70±0.04 mSv. The number of malignant neoplasms in the cohort was 4,174 (20.4 %). The proportion of residents exposed to occupational radiation was 25 %.
Discussion: Foreign analogues of the study indicate small risks at the individual level for those exposed during the CT examinations in childhood. The advantages of the «CT Registrer» database are: all ages of exposed, lifetime follow-up, accounting for several risk factors, and the possibility of reconstructing individual absorbed doses.
Conclusions: For the first time in Russia, a medical and dosimetric registry of individuals living near the nuclear facility, and exposed to X-ray radiation during computed tomography has been created. The «CT Register» database provides the opportunity to conduct an epidemiological study to assess the long-term effects of exposure to low doses of diagnostic radiation, which is an important task for ensuring the radiation safety of the population.
Keywords: CT, computed tomography, cohort, exposure, risk, register
For citation: Osipov MV, Druzhinina PS, Sokolnikov ME. Evaluating the Long-Term Health Effects of Diagnostic Radiation Exposure: Opportunities and Future Directions. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025;70(5):58–62. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-58-62
References
1. Medical Radiation Exposures. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Report to the General Assembly. 2008. 293 p.
2. Preston D.L., Sokolnikov M.E., Krestinina L.Y., Stram D.O. Estimates of Radiation Effects on Cancer Risks in the Mayak Worker, Techa River and Atomic Bomb Survivor Studies. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2017;173;1-3:26-31. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncw316.
3. Ivanov V.K., Karpenko S.V., Kashcheyev V.V., Chekin S.YU., Maksyutov M.A., Tumanov K.A., Shchukina N.V., Kochergina Ye.V., Zelenskaya N.S., Lashkova O.Ye. Radiation Risks of Russian Participants in the Liquidation of the Consequences of the Chernobyl NPP Accident for the Period 1992-2017. Part I: Incidence of Solid Cancers. Radiatsiya i Risk (Byulleten’ Natsional’nogo Radiatsionno-Epidemiologicheskogo Registra) = Radiation and Risk (Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry). 2019;28; 4:16–30 (In Russ.). doi: 10.21870/0131-3878-2019-28-4-16-30.
4. Hamra G.B., Richardson D.B., Cardis E., Daniels R.D., Gillies M., O’Hagan J.A., Haylock R., Laurier D., Leuraud K., Moissonnier M., Schubauer-Berigan M., Thierry-Chef I., Kesminiene A. Cohort Profile: The International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS). Int. J. Epidemiol. 2016;45;3:693-699. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv122.
5. Shultz C.H., Fairley R., Murphy L., Doss M. The Risk of Cancer from CT Scans and other Sources of Low-Dose Radiation: a Critical Appraisal of Methodologic Quality. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2020;35;1:3–16. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X1900520X.
6. Osipov M.V., Sokol’nikov M.E., Fomin Ye.P. Baza Dannykh Komp’yuternoy Tomografii Naseleniya g. Ozorsk («Registr KT») = Database of Computed Tomography of the Population of Ozersk (“CT Register”). Certificate of State Registration 2020622807. Dated 12/24/2020 (In Russ.). URL: https://new.fips.ru/registers-doc-view/fips_servlet?DB=DB&DocNumber=2020622807&TypeFile=html.
7. Koshurnikova N.A., Okatenko P.V., Sokol’nikov M.E., Tsareva Yu.V. Registr prichin smerti naseleniya ZATO g. Ozersk = Register of Causes of Death of the Population of the Closed Administrative-Territorial Entity of Ozersk. Certificate of Registration of Database 2021621969. Dated 09.15.2021. Application 2021621638 (In Russ.).
8. Sokol’nikov M.E., Kabirova N.R., Okatenko P.V., Koshurnikova N.A., Tsareva YU.V., Martinenko I.A., Gruzdeva Ye.A. Experience of Creating a Register of the Population of the Closed Administrative-Territorial Entity of Ozersk, Exposed in Childhood to Technogenic Impacts Due to the Activities of the First Nuclear Enterprise of Russia, PO Mayak. Voprosy Radiatsionnoy Bezopasnosti = Radiation Safety Problems. 2024;114;2:57-74 (In Russ.).
9. Okatenko P.V., Fomin Ye.P., Denisova Ye.V., Kuznetsova I.S., Sokol’nikov M.E., Koshurnikova N.A. Cancer Registry of the Population of Ozersk: Structure of Primary Malignant Neoplasms for the Period from 1948 to 2016. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2021;66;5:85–90 (In Russ.). doi: 10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-5-85-90.
10. Koshurnikova N. A., Shilnikova N. S., Okatenko P. V., Kreslov V. V., Bolotnikova M. G., Sokolnikov M. E., Khokhriakov V. F., Suslova K. G., Vassilenko E. K., Romanov S. A. Characteristics of the Cohort of Workers at the Mayak Nuclear Complex. Rad Res. 1999;152;4: 352-363. doi: 10.2307/3580220
11. Berrington de Gonzalez A., Pasqual E, Veiga L. Epidemiological Studies of CT Scans and Cancer Risk: the State of the Science. Br J Radiol. 2021;94:20210471. doi:10.1259/bjr.20210471.
12. Walsh L., Nekolla E.A. EPI-CT: Design, Challenges, and Epidemiological Methods of an International Study on Cancer Risk after Paediatric CT. J Radiol Prot. 2015;35;3:E9-11. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/3/E9.
13. McBain-Miller J., Scurrah K.J., Brady Z., Mathews J.D. Cohort Profile: The Australian Paediatric Exposure to Radiation Cohort (Aust-PERC). PLoS ONE. 2022;17;9: e0271918. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271918.
14. Otsenka Radiatsionnogo Riska u Patsiyentov pri Provedenii Rentgenoradiologicheskikh Issledovaniy = Assessment of Radiation Risk in Patients during X-ray and Radiological Examinations. Methodological Recommendations 2.6.1.0098-15. Moscow, Federal’naya Sluzhba po Nadzoru v Sfere Zashchity Prav Potrebiteley i Blagopoluchiya Cheloveka Publ., 2015.
42 p. (In Russ.).
15. Osipov M. V., Fomin Ye. P., Sokol’nikov M.E. Assessment of the Impact of Diagnostic Irradiation Using the Radiation and Epidemiological Register of the Population of Ozersk, Examined Using Computed Tomography. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost’ = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2020;65;4:65-73 (In Russ.). doi: 10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-4-65-73.
PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financing. The study was conducted using funds from the Federal Budget of the Russian Federation within the framework of State Contract No. 11.314.22.2 for the implementation of applied research work “Analysis of the consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation on the health of the population and descendants living near nuclear facilities of «Rosatom» (“Consequences-22”).
Contribution. Osipov M.V. – concept and design of the study, development of the research methodology, and data analyses; Druzhinina P.S. – literature overview, statistical processing of data; Sokolnikov M.E. – scientific editing.
Article received: 20.05.2025. Accepted for publication: 25.06.2025.
Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025. Vol. 70. № 5
DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-70-74
A.M. Korelo, M.A. Maksioutov, S.Yu. Chekin, K.A. Tumanov,
N.V. Shchukina, E.V. Kochergina, O.E. Lashkova, N.S. Zelenskaya, V.K. Ivanov
Influence of Exposure Duration on Radiation-Induced Morbidity Among Liquidators of the Consequences of the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
А.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre, Obninsk, Kaluga region, Russia
Contact person: A.M. Korelo, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To assess the effect of exposure duration on radiation-induced morbidity.
Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study of the influence of the duration of exposure on radiation-induced morbidity of the participants of the liquidation of the Chernobyl accident consequences according to the data of the National Radiation Epidemiologic Register. The SOLID cohort consisted of 67616 persons who had no diagnoses of “solid malignant neoplasms other than skin cancer” before January 1, 1992. The HEART cohort consisted of 69456 persons who had no cardiovascular diseases before January 1, 1988: ischemic heart disease, heart failure, conduction and heart rhythm disorders, heart valve disease and lesions. The end of follow-up is 2023. Observed cohort morbi-
dity was modeled by assuming that the number of disease cases had a Poisson distribution. Three models were tested: non-radiation risk, li-
near relative radiation risk, and exposure time-adjusted linear relative radiation risk. Non-radiation incidence was modeled as an exponential dependence on the region of residence, age at the time of exposure, and calendar year of observation. Adjustment for the time of radiation exposure was modeled as an exponential function. Estimates of coefficients of morbidity models were obtained by the maximum likelihood method using the programming language for statistical calculations R and the packages for R gnm and data.table.
Results: The linear relative radiation risk model was preferred over the non-radiation risk model for both the SOLID cohort (p<0.001) and the HEART cohort (p<0.001). The excess relative radiation risk per 1 Gy was 0,67 (95 % confident interval (CI): 0.37; 1.00) for the SOLID cohort and 0,66 (95 % CI: 0.51; 0.81) for the HEART cohort. Adjustment for exposure time was not statistically significant for the SOLID cohort (–0.10; 95 % ДИ: –0.46; 0.26; p=0.38) but statistically significantly less than 0 for the HEART cohort (–1.19; 95 % ДИ: –1.63; –0.76; p<0.001) – the longer the duration of exposure, the smaller the excess relative radiation risk per 1 Gy.
Conclusion: In the studied cohort of Russian participants of the Chernobyl accident consequences liquidation, a sixfold decrease of the relative radiation risk coefficient per unit dose with increasing duration of exposure from 1 to 100 days was revealed for the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (ischemic heart disease, heart failure, conduction and heart rhythm disorders, heart valve diseases and lesions). For the incidence of solid malignant neoplasms (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) no statistically significant dependence of the relative radiation risk coefficient on the duration of exposure was revealed. The obtained results indicate significant differences in radiation-epidemiologic peculiarities of malignant neoplasms and tissue reactions (heart diseases).
Keywords: Chernobyl accident liquidators, National Radiation Epidemiological Register, morbidity, dose, dose rate, external gamma radiation, exposure duration, cohort study, radiation risk
For citation: Korelo AM, Maksioutov MA, Chekin SYu, Tumanov KA, Shchukina NV, Kochergina EV, Lashkova OE, Zelenskaya NS, Ivanov VK. Influence of Exposure Duration on Radiation-Induced Morbidity Among Liquidators of the Consequences of the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025;70(5):70–74. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-5-70-74
References
1. ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP. 2007;37;2–4:1–332.
2. ICRP, 1991. The 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Ann. ICRP. 1991;21;1–3:1–201.
3. ICRP, 2025. Task Group 91. Radiation Risk Inference at Low-Dose and Low-Dose Rate Exposure for Radiological Protection Purposes. URL: http://www.icrp.org/icrp_group.asp?id=83 (Date of Access: 05.05.2025).
4. Lowe D., Roy L., Tabocchini M.A., Rühm W., Wakeford R., Woloschak G.E., Laurier D. Radiation Dose Rate Effects: what is New and What is Needed? Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 2022;61;4:507–543. doi: 10.1007/s00411-022-00996-0.
5. Azizova T.V., Grigoryeva E.S., Hamada N. Dose Rate Effect on Mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease in the Cohort of Russian Mayak Production Association Workers. Sci. Rep. 2023;13;1:1926. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28954-w.
6. Furuta H., Kudo S., Ishida J., Yoshimoto K., Kasagi F. Dose-Rate Effects on Cancer Mortality Risk Estimates for Japanese Nuclear Workers. Proceedings of the 2nd European Radiological Protection Research Week. Paris, 2017. URL: https://www.rea.or.jp/ire/pdf/20171010Furuta.pdf (Date of Access: 05.05.2025).
7. Sasaki M., Kudo S., Furuta H. Effect of Radiation Dose Rate on Cancer Mortality among Nuclear Workers: Reanalysis of Hanford Data. Health Phys. 2019;117;1:13–19. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001039.
8. Sasaki M., Kudo S., Furuta H. Effect of Radiation Dose Rate on Circulatory Disease Mortality among Nuclear Workers: Reanalysis of Hanford Data. Health Phys. 2020;119;3:280–288. doi: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001230.
9. Иванов В.К., Максютов М.А., Туманов К.А., Кочергина Е.В., Власов О.К., Чекин С.Ю., Горский А.И., Корело А.М., Щукина Н.В., Зеленская Н.С., Лашкова О.Е., Иванов С.А., Каприн А.Д. 35-летний опыт функционирования НРЭР как государственной информационной системы мониторинга радиологических последствий Чернобыльской катастрофы // Радиация и риск. 2021. Т. 30. №1. С. 7–39 [Ivanov V.K., Maksyutov M.A., Tumanov K.A., Kochergina Ye.V., Vlasov O.K., Chekin S.Yu., Gorskiy A.I., Korelo A.M., Shchukina N.V., Zelenskaya N.S., Lashkova O.Ye., Ivanov S.A., Kaprin A.D. 35-Year Experience in the Functioning of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry as a State Information System for Monitoring the Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident. Radiatsiya i Risk = Radiation & Risk. 2021;30;1:7-39 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-1-7-39.
10. Международная статистическая классификация болезней и проблем, связанных со здоровьем, 10-й пересмотр (МКБ-10). Т. 1 (часть 1). Женева, ВОЗ, 1995. 698 с. [Mezhdunarodnaya Statisticheskaya Klassifikatsiya Bolezney i Problem, Svyazannykh so Zdorov’yem, 10-y Peresmotr (MKB-10) = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Vol. 1 (Part 1). Geneva, WHO Publ., 1995. 698 p. (In Russ.)].
11. Кащеев В.В., Чекин С.Ю., Карпенко С.В., Максютов М.А., Туманов К.А., Кочергина Е.В., Глебова С.Е., Иванов С.А., Каприн А.Д. Оценка радиационных рисков злокачественных новообразований среди российских участников ликвидации последствий аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС // Радиация и риск. 2021. Т. 30. № 1. С. 58–77 [Kashcheyev V.V., Chekin S.Yu., Karpenko S.V., Maksyutov M.A., Tumanov K.A., Kochergina Ye.V., Glebova S.Ye., Ivanov S.A., Kaprin A.D. Assessment of Radiation Risks of Malignant Neoplasms among Russian Participants in the Liquidation of the Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident. Radiatsiya i Risk = Radiation & Risk. 2021;30;1:58-77 (In Russ.)].
12. Чекин С.Ю., Максютов М.А., Кащеев В.В., Карпенко С.В., Туманов К.А., Кочергина Е.В., Зеленская Н.С., Лашкова О.Е. Оценка радиационных рисков неонкологических заболеваний среди российских участников ликвидации последствий аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС // Радиация и риск. 2021. Т. 30. № 1. С. 78–93 [Chekin S.Yu., Maksyutov M.A., Kashcheyev V.V., Karpenko S.V., Tumanov K.A., Kochergina Ye.V., Zelenskaya N.S., Lashkova O.Ye. Assessment of Radiation Risks of Non-Oncological Diseases among Russian Participants in the Liquidation of the Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident. Radiatsiya i Risk = Radiation & Risk. 2021;30;1:78-79 (In Russ.)].
13. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. URL: https://www.R-project.org/ (Date of Access: 05.05.2025).
14. Turner H., Firth D. Generalized Nonlinear Models in R: an Overview of the GNM Package (R Package Version 1.1-5). URL: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gnm) (Date of Access: 05.05.2025).
15. Barrett T., Dowle M., Srinivasan A., Gorecki J., Chirico M., Hocking T., Schwendinger B., Krylov I. 2025 Data. Table: Extension of ‘Data.Frame’ (R Package Version 1.17.99). URL: https://r-datatable.com) (Date of Access: 05.05.2025).
16. Sokolnikov M., Preston D., Gilbert E., Schonfeld S., Koshurnikova N. Radiation Effects on Mortality from Solid Cancers other than Lung, Liver, and Bone Cancer in the Mayak Worker Cohort: 1948–2008. PLoS One. 2015;10;2:e0117784. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117784.
PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financing. The study had no sponsorship.
Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.
Article received: 20.05.2025. Accepted for publication: 25.06.2025.