Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025. Vol. 70. № 6

DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-6-65-70

L.D. Mikryukova, D.A. Zavyalov

Mortality Due to Malignant Neoplasms of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract in Chronically Exposed Population

Southern Urals Federal Research and Clinical Center, Chelyabinsk, Russia

Contact person:  Lyudmila D. Mikryukova, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Analysis of mortality rates from cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) among members of the Southern Urals Population Exposed to Radiation Cohort from 1956 to 2020.

Material and methods: The Southern Urals Population Exposed to Radiation Cohort includes individuals exposed by two radiation accidents in the Southern Urals. The follow-up period was 71 years, and the cohort size at the end of observation (2020) was 62,592 individuals. The total number of person-years at risk is 1964136.

Results: Over the study period, 1,587 cases of cancer of this site were registered, with 844 being observed in men, and 743 – in women. Stomach cancer make up 57 % of all upper GIT malignancies. A standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of upper GIT malignancies in the study cohort was significantly higher in men compared to that in women, except for the period 1960–1969. This trend was more pronounced over the last few years of the follow up period. An increase in mortality from upper GIT malignancies with an increase in the attained age was stated for both, men and women. Age-specific mortality rates in men are statistically significantly higher starting from the age of 40. The differences in mortality rates between ethnic groups are statistically insignificant, except for the period 2010–2020 when standardized mortality ratios of upper GIT malignancies in the group of Russians became statistically significantly higher compared to the groups of Tatars and Bashkirs. 

Conclusion: The results obtained reveal key trends in the dynamics of mortality due to malignant neoplasms of the upper GIT. This will allow developing proper organizational decisions aimed at better medical treatment and development of preventive healthcare programs for the population of the affected territories.

Keywords: standardized mortality ratio, malignant neoplasms, gastrointestinal tract, the Southern Urals Population Exposed to Radiation Cohort, chronic exposure, low doses

For citation: Mikryukova LD, Zavyalov DA. Mortality Due to Malignant Neoplasms of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract in Chronically Exposed Population. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025;70(6):65–70. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-6-65-70

 

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 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing.  The work was carried out as part of the Federal Target Program «Ensuring Nuclear and Radiation Safety for 2016‒2020 and for the Period up to 2030».

Contribution. Mikryukova L.D. – research design, data analysis, data interpretation, article design, and article writing. Zavyalov D.A. – data analysis, discussion of results, preparation of article sections, and formatting.

Article received: 20.07.2025. Accepted for publication: 25.08.2025.

 

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025. Vol. 70. № 6

DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-6-78-83

E.V. Bragin

Review of Research on Cataract Incidence in the Cohort 
of Workers Chronically Exposed to Ionizing Radiation 

Southern Urals Federal Medical Biophysics Research Centre affiliated, Ozyorsk, Russia

Contact person: Evgeniy Victorovich Bragin, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

ABSTRACT

Purpose: The article aims to review the findings of studies that evaluated the incidence of cataracts, certain types of cataracts, and cataract surgery among workers chronically exposed to ionizing radiation during their occupational activities.

Material and methods: The study cohort included all employees of the Mayak Production Association who were hired between 1948 and 1982, 22,377 individuals of whom 25.4 % were females. At the end of the follow-up period, the life status was known for 95 % of the study cohort, of whom 53.5% had deceased and 46.5% were alive. Medical information over the entire follow-up period was available for 97.3 % of workers. The mean cumulative dose of gamma-rays from external exposure was 0.54±0.76 Sv in males and 0.44±0.65 Sv in females. To perform the analyses, estimates of absorbed doses from external and neutron exposure provided by the Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2008 (MWDS-2008) were used. The relative risk and the excess relative risk per unit dose (ERR/Gy) were calculated based on the maximum likelihood using the AMFIT module of the EPICURE software.

Results: The dose-response analysis based on the linear model taking into account adjustments for non-radiation factors and neutron dose demonstrated the increased incidence risk for all subtypes of cataracts, including cortical, posterior subcapsular, and nuclear cataracts. The excess relative risk per unit radiation dose from external exposure (ERR/Sv) was 0.28 (95 % CI: 0.20–0.37) for total cataracts: 0.63 (95 % CI: 0.49–0.76) for cortical cataracts, 0.91 (95 % CI: 0.67–1.20) for posterior subcapsular cataracts, and 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.35–0.60) for nuclear cataracts. Exclusion of the adjustment for the neutron dose resulted in a decrease in the ERR/Sv of gamma rays from external exposure for all types of cataracts. No significant association of the cataract surgery was observed with the accumulated gamma-ray dose from external exposure; the ERR/Sv was 0.09 (95 % CI: –0/02–0.22).

Conclusion: Studies of the cataract in the cohort of workers chronically exposed to ionizing radiation during the occupational activities provide strong evidence that the senile cataracts and cataract subtypes, including the posterior subcapsular, cortical, and nuclear cataracts, are associated with the external gamma-ray exposure.

Keywords: cataract, incidence, occupational radiation exposure, excess relative risk

For citation: Bragin EV. Review of Research on Cataract Incidence in the Cohort of Workers Chronically Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025;70(6):78–83. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-6-78-83

 

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 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

 

Conflict of interest. The author declares no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study was carried out within the framework of the state contract as of 6 June 2024 №11.313.24.2 with Federal medical biological agency titled “Assessment of chronic radiation exposure effects and study of their pathogenesis for improvement of medical provision for personal and population exposed to radiation”.

Contribution. E.V. Bragin – development of the research concept, article authoring, literature review.

Article received: 20.07.2025. Accepted for publication: 25.08.2025.

 

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025. Vol. 70. № 6

DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-6-71-77

I.S. Kuznetsova, M.E. Sokolnikov, A.V. Efimov, A.B. Sokolova

Lifetime Risk of Lung Cancer Death from Inhaled Plutonium Intake Based on New Biokinetic and Dosimetric Models

South Ural Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Medical Biophysics, Ozersk, Russia

Contact person: I.S. Kuznetsova, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

ABSTRACT 

Purpose: To assess the lifetime risk of death from lung cancer with inhaled intake of ²³⁹Pu compounds of the M, S and MOX types, based on the results of mortality modeling in a cohort of employees at PA Mayak, taking into account new biokinetic and dosimetric models.

Material and methods: Lifetime risk was assessed in terms of lifetime radiation death from lung cancer.

The risk assessment was carried out for the scenario of chronic daily intake for one year, 10, 20, 30 and 50 years with three age values at the beginning of contact with plutonium aerosols: 20, 35 and 50 years. Two intake values were used, equal to 1 Bq per day and annual limit of intake (ALI), obtained based on the OIR model (the Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides) for ²³⁹Pu. Estimates of equivalent doses to the lungs from ²³⁹Pu were made based on the biokinetic and dosimetric models presented in the OIR publication series.

To assess the lifetime radiation risk, a model of lung cancer mortality was used, obtained as part of the radiogenic risk studies for Mayak personnel. Since there is an excessive risk factor – occupational radiation exposure, the mortality rate also takes into account the radiogenic component in the survival function.

Results: The possibility of exceeding the limit in terms of lifetime risk of death from lung cancer for inhaled intake of chemical compounds ²³⁹Pu type M and MOX has been shown. The intake of ²³⁹Pu type M compounds at a ALI level of 650 Bq per year for 50 years, starting at the age of 20, leads to an accumulation of 516 mGy of alpha radiation dose in the lung and to a twofold excess of the lifetime risk 5 % level for male smokers (9.8×10^-2). The recommended ALI for MOX compounds (440 Bq per year) leads to exceeding the acceptable risk limit within 20, 30 or 50 years: 5,7∙10^-2, 7,1∙10^-2, 7,9∙10^-2, if smoking men start coming into contact with ²³⁹Pu aerosols at the age of 20.

Keywords: lifetime death risk, occupational exposure, plutonium, lung cancer

For citation: Kuznetsova IS, Sokolnikov ME, Efimov AV, Sokolova AB. Lifetime Risk of Lung Cancer Death from Inhaled Plutonium Intake Based on New Biokinetic and Dosimetric Models. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025;70(6):71–77. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-6-71-77

 

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 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. State assignment for carrying out applied research work on the topic "Ensuring Individual Dosimetric Control of Personnel at the Mining and Chemical Plant" (code "IDK MCP 25"; code-11.001.25.800).

Contribution. I.S. Kuznetsova – calculations and article writing, M.E. Sokolnikov – research design, A.V. Efimov – research concept, A.B. Sokolova – dose assessment and scientific editing.

Article received: 20.07.2025. Accepted for publication: 25.08.2025.

 

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025. Vol. 70. № 6

DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-6-84-96

Z.F. Zvereva¹, N.P. Vanchakova², F.S. Torubarov¹,  S.N. Lukyanova¹,
L.I. Fortunatova¹, E.V. Miroshnik¹

Characteristics of the Functional State of the Central Nervous System at a Low Level of Psychophysiological Adaptation in Workers of Nuclear-Hazardous Enterprises and Productions

¹ A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia

² I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Contact person: Z.F. Zvereva, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To identify the mechanisms of formation of the functional state of the central nervous system with a low level of psychophysiological adaptation. To establish the involvement of structural and functional formations that characterize the mental, psychophysiological and physiological levels of functioning. To do this, analyze the data of visual EEG analysis, the characteristics of the power of EEG and indicators of cerebral energy exchange.

Material and methods: EEG of employees of nuclear hazardous enterprises and industries with low and high levels of psychophysiological adaptation. The following methods were used: visual analysis, EEG spectral power analysis, assessment of cerebral energy exchange.

Results: According to visual EEG analysis and analysis of the spectral power of EEG, the functional state of the central nervous system decreased with a low level of adaptation. The main contribution to the decline was made by: structural and functional formation, which is responsible for the central regulation of the cardiovascular system; increased activity of the structures of the limbic-reticular complex, which regulate autonomic functions and emotional reactions.

Conclusion: Increased activity of the structures of the limbic-reticular complex indicated the presence of emotional stress in the subjects. With a high level of adaptation, homeostasis under stress is maintained by allostasis. With allostasis, the body’s parameters are constantly changing, and they do not go out of the norm. With a low level of adaptation, homeostasis under stress is maintained by enantiostasis. Enantiostasis is aimed at preserving the functions of the body, the indicators of the internal environment change and exceed the limits of the norm.

The processes of cerebral energy exchange at a low level of adaptation intensified in the anterior (information-processing) parts of the cortex, and did not change in the posterior (information-receiving) departments when performing the functions of mental and psychophysiological levels of functioning. The enhancement may be due to the need to intensify cerebral energy exchange during the processing of iformation, which occurs with the participation of the frontal lobes. The frontal lobes are responsible for the most complex forms of mental activity involving higher mental functions.

There was no increase in energy exchange in the structural and functional education responsible for the central regulation of the cardiovascular system carried out by the diencephalic parts of the brain (without the involvement of higher mental functions).

Keywords: workers of  nuclear hazardous enterprises, central nervous system, functional state, EEG, visual analysis, psychophysiological adaptation, cerebral energy exchange

For citation: Zvereva ZF, Vanchakova NP, Torubarov FS, Lukyanova SN, Fortunatova LI, Miroshnik EV. Characteristics of the Functional State of the Central Nervous System at a Low Level of Psychophysiological Adaptation in Workers of Nuclear-Hazardous Enterprises and Productions. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2025;70(6):84–96. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2025-70-6-84-96 

 

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Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 20.07.2025. Accepted for publication: 25.08.2025.