Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2024. Vol. 69. № 1

DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2024-69-1-92-104

S.A. Sypko, G.N. Bobov, V.E. Vvedensky, A.V. Nazarenkova

Study of ²³⁹Pu Microdistribution in Liver of Mayak
Workers Using Neutron-Activated Measurement Method

Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russia

Contact person: V.E. Vvedensky, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

Purpose: Conducted research was aimed at studying of microdistribution of ²³⁹Pu particles in liver tissues of former MAYAK PA workers. Current research is a continuation of studies of microdistribution of ²³⁹Pu particles in lung tissues of former MAYAK PA workers that were conducted earlier and published.

Material and methods: Neutron-induced track method was utilized for studying the distribution of sizes of ²³⁹Pu nanoparticles. At Southern Urals Biophysics Institute this method was improved, optimized and adapted for studying of plutonium microdistribution in biological tissues.

Liver samples studying started in 2020. Samples were chosen from Radiobiology Human Tissue Repository SUBI. Liver samples from Voronezh regional pathology and anatomical bureau and Tobolsk regional hospital #3 were obtained within the search of contemporary liver tissues.

Application of liver samples on track detectors and their assembling into plastic box for following irradiation in nuclear reactor at Joint stock company “Institute of Nuclear Materials” was provided similarly to lung samples. Standart pathohistological techniqes were applied. The thickness of liver slides was 5 micrometers.

Basic track count was conducted on the results of 36-minute etching. Single tracks and stars were counted. Stars with high density of tracks that exceeded counting abilities were counted on the results of 9-minute etching either directly (if all tracks were distinct) or in accordance with patent for invention RU 2733491 C2 that enables to calculate the number of tracks in a star by distinct peripheral tracks.

Results: This study quantitatively compares ²³⁹Pu microdistribution in liver of three deceased former Mayak PA workers who were exposed to ²³⁹Pu by inhalation and three deceased subjects who had been never employed at Mayak PA (from Ozyorsk, Voronezh, Tobolsk). The comparison is made utilizing neutron-activation method of measurement. The results are compared to the results of less-sensitive autoradiographic method. The study demonstrated that the most of ²³⁹Pu activity in liver is concentrated in liver lobules. ²³⁹PuO₂ nanoparticles found didn’t exceed the size of 20 nm. Track density for three liver samples of subjects who had been never employed at Mayak PA differed for less than two times.

Keywords: Plutonium, neutron-activation measurement method, nanoparticles, microdistribution, liver, Mayak PA

For citation: Sypko SA, Bobov GN, Vvedensky VE, Nazarenkova AV. Study of ²³⁹Pu Microdistribution in Liver of Mayak Workers Using Neutron-Activated Measurement Method. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2024;69(1):92–104. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2024-69-1-92-104

References

1. Melentyeva R.V., Badin V.I., Tretyakov F.D., Voronin P.F., Lyzlov A.F. Comparative Characteristics of the Dispersity of Radioactive Aerosols at Some Nuclear Industry Enterprises. Byulleten Radiacionnoy Mediciny. 1976;4:6-10 (In Russ.).

2. Donaldson K., Aitken R., Tran L., Stone R., Duffin R., Forrest G., Alexander A. Carbon Nanotubes: A Review of Their Properties in Relation to Pulmonary Toxicology and Workplace Safety. Toxicol. Science. 2006;92:5-22.

3. Khokhryakov V.V., Sypko S.А. Analysis of Particle-Size Distribution of Alpha-Emitting Aerosols in Air of the Production Rooms at Mayak Pa. Voprosy Radiatsionnoy Bezopasnosti = Journal of Radiation Safety Issues. 2019;4:73-80 (In Russ.).

4. Sypko S.A., Bobov G.N., Vvedenskiy V.E., Nazarenkova A.V. Study of ²³⁹Pu Microdistribution in Lung of Mayak Workers Using Neutron-Activated Measurement Method. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2020;4:12-21 (In Russ.).

5. Fleischer R.L., Raabe O.G. On the Mechanism of “Dissolution“ in Liquids of PuO₂ by Alpha Decay. Health Physics. 1978;35:545–548.

6. Fleischer R.L., Raabe O.G. Fragmentation of Respirable PuO₂ Particles in Water by Alpha Decay-a Mode of “Dissolution”. Health Physics. 1977;32:253–257.

7. Methodology for Performing Measurements of Plutonium-239 Contained in Industrial Alpha-Emitting Nanoparticles. Certificate of Certification of Radiation Monitoring Methodology No. 4390.2.P397 dated September 27, 2012. FR.1.38.2012.13346 (In Russ.).

8. Khokhryakov V.V., Vvedenskiy V.E., Sypko S.A., Bobov G.N., Korpachev A.V., Khokhryakov I.V. Results of Research on the Development of a Neutron-Induced Method for Measuring the Size of ²³⁹Pu Dioxide Nanoparticles. Voprosy Radiatsionnoy Bezopasnosti = Journal of Radiation Safety Issues. 2014;3:69-81 (In Russ.).

9. Vvedenskiy V., Sypko S., Bobov G. Improvement of Neutron-Induced Technique for Measuring Size of ²³⁹Pu Dioxide Nanoparticles. Apparatura i Novosti Radiatsionnykh Izmereniy = ANRI. 2019;2:79-90 (In Russ.).

10. Vvedenskiy V., Sypko S., Bobov G. Measurement of Diameter of ²³⁹PuO₂ Nanoparticle by Neutron-Induced Method and Calculation of Standard Uncertainty of a Nanoparticle Diameter. Apparatura i Novosti Radiatsionnykh Izmereniy = ANRI. 2019;4:38-50 (In Russ.).

11. Levkina E.V. Kolichestvennaya Otsenka Mikroraspredeleniya Plutoniya v Organakh Osnovnogo Deponirovaniya = Quantitative Assessment of Plutonium Microdistribution in the Main Depository Organs. Candidate’s thesis in Biological Sciences. Moscow, A.I. Burnazyana FMBC Publ., 2012
(In Russ.).

12. Levkina E.V., Belosokhov M.V. Quantitative Microdistribution of Plutonium in the Liver of Former Employees of the Mayak PA. Kolichestvennoye mikroraspredeleniye plutoniya v pecheni byvshikh rabotnikov PO «MAYAK». Meditsinskiye i ekologicheskiye effekty ioniziruyushchego izlucheniya (MEEIR-V) = Medical and Environmental Effects of Ionizing Radiation (MEEIR-V): Proceedings of the V International Scientific and Practical Conference Dedicated to the 10th Anniversary of the Creation of the Seversk Biophysical Research Center of the FMBA of Russia. 2010. P. 133
(In Russ.).

13. Levkina E.V., Belosokhov M.V., Aladova E.E., Kiseleva O.I., Romanov S.A. Quantitative Microdistribution of Plutonium in the Liver of Radiochemical Production Workers. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2010;55;4:31-36 (In Russ.).

14. Merkulov G.A. Kurs Patologogistologicheskoy Tekhniki = Pathological Technique Course. Leningrad, Meditsina Publ., 1969. 424 p. (In Russ.).

15. Vvedenskiy V.E. Sposob Opredeleniya Kolichestva Yader Radioaktivnogo Nuklida Chastitsy, Vklyuchayushchiy Oblucheniye Chastitsy v Pole Teplovykh Neytronov pri Vozdushnoy Srede Mezhdu Chastitsey i Mishenyu = A Method for Determining the Number of Nuclei of a Radioactive Nuclide of a Particle, Including Irradiating the Particle in a Field Of Thermal Neutrons in an Air Environment between the Particle and the Target: Patent for Invention RU 2733491 C2 (In Russ.).

16. Rayst P. Aerozoli, Vvedeniye v Teoriyu = Aerosols, Introduction to Theory. Moscow Publ., 1987. 278 p. (In Russ.).

17. Bekman I.N. Radiation Safety. URL: http://www.profbeckman.narod.ru/Uran.files/Glava10.pdf. (Date of Access: 25.07.2023) (In Russ.).

 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 20.10.2023. Accepted for publication: 27.11.2023.

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023. Vol. 68. № 6

DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-6-13-19

V.S. Nikiforov^{1, 2}, V.A. Krivoshchapov¹, N.V. Startsev¹

Unified Information System of The Urcrm of Fmba of Russia

¹ Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia

² Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

Contact person: V.S. Nikiforov, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. , This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

A great amount of scientific information on the effect of radiation on the human body in various fields of knowledge from genetics and molecular biology to radiation epidemiology has been accumulated over a long-term period of activity of the URCRM of the FMBA of Russia.

To get the best out of the use of numerous registers and databases maintained in the URCRM and to make interdisciplinary research possible, a Unified Information System was created, which consists of two parts: information complex REGISTR and complex Storage.

The creation of the Storage complex makes it possible to ensure the safety of scientific data obtained in the departments of the URCRM, as well as methods/techniques elaborated to obtain them. The development of the REGISTR complex, the creation of new functionality in it, have significantly increased the use of information resources, which allows for strategic planning of new research.

The paper describes in detail the basic functionality of the Unified Information System. The technical aspect of the usage of the REGISTR complex is presented. An example of the use of the Selections Constructor for planning of the study performed in the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Radiobiology of the URCRM of the FMBA of Russia is given.

Keywords: unified information system, the Register complex, the Storage complex, personal data protection, prospects for the development of the REGISTER complex

For citation: Nikiforov VS, Krivoshchapov VA, Startsev NV. Unified Information System of The Urcrm of Fmba of Russia. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;68(6):13–19. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-6-13-19

References

1. Posledstviya Radioaktivnogo Zagryazneniya Reki Techi = Consequences of Radioactive Contamination of the Techa River. Ed. Akleyev A.V. Chelyabinsk, Kniga Publ., 2016. 400 p. (In Russ).

2. Vostochno-Uralskiy Radioaktivnyy Sled (Sbornik Statey, Posvyashchennykh Posledstviyam Avarii 1957 g. na PO «Mayak») = The East Ural Radioactive Trace (a Collection of Articles Devoted to the Consequences of the 1957 Accident at the Mayak Software). Ed. Akleyev A.V., Kiselev M.F. Chelyabinsk, Fregat Publ., 2012. 352 p. (In Russ).

3. Startsev N.V., Shishkina E.A., Blinova E.A., Akleyev A.V. Reference And Information Complex Registr Of The Urals Research Center For Radiation Medicine Of The Fmba Of Russia. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost = Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2022;67;1:46-53
(In Russ.).

4. Siegel R., Ma J., Zou Z., Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2014. CAA Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2014;64;1:9-29. 

5. Krestinina L.Yu., Mikryukova L.D., Shalaginov S.A., Silkin S.S., Epifanova S.B., Akleyev A.V. Breast cancer incidence risk in accidentally exposed persons of the Southern Urals. Radiatsionnaya Gigiyena = Radiation Hygiene. 2021;3;14:69-79 (In Russ.) 

6. Nik-Zainal S., Davies H., Staaf J., et al. Landscape of Somatic Mutations in 560 Breast Cancer Whole-Genome Sequences. Nature. 2016;534:47–54.

 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 20.07.2023. Accepted for publication: 27.08.2023.

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023. Vol. 68. № 6

DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-6-8-12

N.N. Omelchuk 

The Significance of Corticosteroid Binding to Plasma Proteins in the Mechanism of the Effect
of the Radioprotector Rs-11 on the Function of the Adrenal Cortex in Acute Radiation Sickness

Russian University of Friendship of Peoples Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

Contact person: N.N. Omelchuk, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT 

Purpose: To study the role of binding of corticosteroids to blood plasma proteins in the mechanism of influence of the radioprotector RS-11 on the function of the adrenal cortex in irradiated animals.

Material and methods: The experiments were carried out on 30 male chinchilla rabbits weighing 2.5–3.0 kg. The first series of experiments is aimed at studying the reaction of the adrenal cortex and the processes of protein-steroid interaction after the administration of PC-11 to intact animals; in the second series – the same indicators in animals irradiated during the prophylactic administration of RS-11. The total content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-OKS) in blood plasma was determined by the fluorometric method of Guillemin et al in the author’s modification. The amount of free corticosteroids was determined by the difference in their content in whole plasma and in its protein fraction after separation on Sephadex G-25. Binding capacity of corticosteroid binding globulin (CSBG) was determined by gel filtration De Moor at al. in the author’s modification. Statistical analysis of the study results was carried out using the Student–Fisher method.

Results: In the group of intact rabbits under conditions of administration of PC-11, the reaction of the adrenal cortex after 2.5–3 hours was significantly higher compared to control animals. The increase in the free fraction of the hormone with the introduction of the radioprotector RS-11 during this period is associated with an increase in the total level of 11-OKS, since the binding ability of CSBG did not change. In the group of irradiated rabbits, 2.5–3 hours after irradiation, the administration of PC-11 also led to a significant increase in the total content of 11-OKS in the blood compared to the initial data. At the height of radiation sickness on the 4th day, RS-11 protected rabbits showed a significantly smaller decrease in the binding capacity of CSBG than control animals, and the total content of 11-OKS was higher than in the control. The level of free hormone on the 4th day was sharply reduced (8 % of the total 11-OKS content versus 41 % in the control). On the 8th day of radiation sickness, free 11-OKS in protected RS-11 and control rabbits was practically absent, however, in protected animals, the binding capacity of CSBG was 2 times higher than in control animals.

Conclusions: The influence of the radioprotector RS-11 leads in the first hours to an increase in the total concentration of 11-OX in the blood plasma and to an increase in the amount of free hormone in intact animals. The binding capacity does not change. Prophylactic administration of RS-11 inhibits, at the height of radiation sickness, the decrease in the binding capacity of CSBG in the blood plasma, and as a result, the increase in the level of free physiologically active hormone at a higher overall level of hormones in the blood. In the mechanism for reducing post-radiation hypercortisolism under conditions of protection with the drug RS-11, the main significance is the lesser degree of disruption of the binding ability of CSBG, and not a change in the overall level of hormones in the blood.

Keywords: acute radiation sickness, protein-steroid interaction, corticosteroids, hypercortisolism, chemical radioprotectors, RS-11

For citation: Omelchuk NN. The Significance of Corticosteroid Binding to Plasma Proteins in the Mechanism of the Effect of the Radioprotector Rs-11 on the Function of the Adrenal Cortex in Acute Radiation Sickness. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;68(6):8–12. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-6-8-12

References

1.Grebenyuk A.N., Strelova O.Yu., Legeza V.I., Stepanova E.N. Osnovy radiobiologii i radiacionnoj mediciny = Fundamentals of radiobiology and radiation medicine: Textbook. SPb.: OOO Izdatelstvo FOLIANT, 2012. 232  p. (In Russ.).

2.Rozhdestvenskij L.M. Past and future of radiobiology of anti-radiation agents at the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Ministry of Health. FSBI State Scientific Center FMBC named after. A.I. Burnazyan FMBA of Russia. Medicinskaya radiologiya i radiacionnaya bezopasnost = Medical radiology and radiation safety. 2016; 5: 80-89 (In Russ.).

3.Rozhdestvenskij L.M. Problems of developing domestic anti-radiation agents during a crisis period: searching for current development directions. Radiacionnaya biologiya. Radioekologiya =  Radiation biology. Radioecology. 2020; 60(3): 290-300 (In Russ.).

4.Khabriev R.U., Mingazova E.N., Sidorov V.V., Gureev S.A., Yusupova M.M. Biocompatible drugs-protectors against radiation exposure: a modern view of the problem. Remedium = Remedium. 2021; 4: 3-8 (In Russ.). 

5.Kuruba V., Gollapalli P. Natural radioprotectors and their impact on cancer drug discovery. J. Radiation oncology. 2019; 36(4): 265-275. DOI: 10.3857/roj.2018.00381.

6.Kashiwakura I. Overview of radiation-protective agent research and prospects for the future. Jpn J. Health Physics. 2017; 52 (4): 285-295. DOI: 10.5453/jhps.52.285.

7.Borisova L.Ya. The influence of radioprotective substances on the early radiation reaction of the pituitary-adrenal system.  Radiobiologiya = Radiobiology. 1969; 9 (2): 246-248 (In Russ.). PMID: 5343951.

8.Omelchuk N.N. Analysis of the disturbance of corticosteroids with blood plasma proteins in the pathogenesis of acute radiation sickness. Radiaciya i risk = Radiation and risk. 2022; 31(3): 131-138 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-3-131-138.

9.Omelchuk N.N. The binding capacity of corticosteroid-binding globulin in blood plasma as a mechanism for increasing the free fraction of the hormone in the pathogenesis of acute radiation sickness. Radiaciya i risk = Radiation and risk. 2022; 31(3): 139-146 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-3-139-146.

10. Chernov G.A., Evdakov V.P., Kabanov V.A. Anti-radiation effect of ionic polymers. Selected materials from the Bulletin of Radiation Medicine / Ed. L.A. Ilyin and A.S. Samoilova. T. II. M.: FGBU GNC FMBC im. A.I. Burnazyana FMBA Rossii. Izbrannye materialy «Byulletenya radiacionnoj mediciny» = Institution State Scientific Center FMBC named after. A.I. Burnazyan FMBA of Russia, 2016. P. 607-619 (In Russ.).

 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Conflict of interest. The author declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with one participation of the authors.

Article received: 20.07.2023. Accepted for publication: 27.08.2023.

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023. Vol. 68. № 6

DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-6-20-26

A.A. Molokanov, N.P. Potsyapun, E.Yu. Maksimova, Yu.E. Kvacheva

Comparison of Radiation and Chemical Toxicity of Uranium Compounds on The Basis of Calculation by New Icrp Biokinetic Models

A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia

Contact person: Andrey Alekseevich Molokanov, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Harmonization and improvement of the system for regulating the internal radiation exposure of workers and the basic requirements for ensuring radiation safety, taking into account the application of new international requirements and recommendations.

Material and methods: The article presents a comparison of the radiation and chemical toxicity of uranium compounds, obtained on the basis of calculating the levels of inhalation intake and committed effective dose depending on the types of compounds F, M, F/M and M/S in the AMAD range from 0.3 to 20 μm for typical isotopic compositions of natural (NU), depleted (DU), low enriched (LEU) and highly enriched (HEU) uranium, which lead to the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in the kidneys. The calculations were carried out using new ICRP biokinetic models, which give more physiologically realistic representations of uptake and retention in organs and tissues, and excretion.

Results: The dynamics of uranium activity in the kidneys was calculated for constant chronic inhalation intake over a 50-year period and for acute intake. It was shown that in case of chronic intake, the rate of accumulation of uranium in the kidneys, expressed in relative units, does not depend on the AMAD in the range from 0.3 to 20 μm and slightly depends on the types of compounds F, F/M, M and M/S, which include almost all chemical compounds of uranium. In case of acute intake, there is a rapid, within 1–3 days, an increase of uranium in the kidneys to a maximum value and then a gradual decrease to a value of 20 % of the maximum value in 20–60 days, depending on the type of compound F, M, F/M, M/S and AMAD in a wide range of values from 0.3 to 20 µm. To compare the radiation and chemical toxicity of uranium, the values of the committed effective dose were calculated, which is formed after intake of uranium aerosols of the types F, M, F/M and M/S and AMADs from 0.3 to 20 µm in an amount that creates the maximum concentration of uranium in the kidneys 0.3 µg/g for chronic intake and 3 µg/g for acute intake. The values of uranium intake per year in milligrams, which form the maximum concentration of uranium in the kidneys of 0.3 µg/g, in case of constant chronic intake of uranium aerosols, as well as the values of uranium intake in milligrams, which form the maximum concentration of uranium in the kidneys of 3 μg/g after a single intake of uranium aerosols in both case of the types F, M, F/M and M/S and AMAD in the range from 0.3 to 20 µm were calculated, which are evidently independent of the considered isotopic composition of the uranium.

Conclusion: It is shown that chemical toxicity prevails over radiation toxicity for the types of uranium compounds F and F/M for all considered uranium isotopic composition, except for HEU; for the type of compound M it is the same for mixtures of NU and DU, and for the type M/S radiation toxicity prevails for all considered uranium isotopic composition. In case of chronic intake at committed effective dose exposure rate of several mSv per year, workers can suffer from the chemical toxicity of uranium when working with F and F/M compounds and isotope compositions of natural (NU), depleted (DU) and low enriched (LEU) uranium already after 1–2 years of work. In case of acute intake, the chemical toxicity of uranium should be taken as a criterion for limiting exposure for compounds F and F/M, and also partially M (for uranium isotope compositions of NU, DU and LEU), which can significantly, by tens and hundreds of times, reduce the permissible limit of uranium intake. 

Keywords: uranium, chemical toxicity, concentration in the kidneys, uranium aerosols, absorption types, biokinetic model, internal exposure, committed effective dose, inhalation intake, natural uranium, depleted uranium, low enriched uranium, highly enriched uranium, new ICRP recommendations

For citation: Molokanov AA, Potsyapun NP, Maksimova EYu, Kvacheva YuE. Comparison of Radiation and Chemical Toxicity of Uranium Compounds on The Basis of Calculation by New Icrp Biokinetic Models. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;68(6):20–26. (In Russian). DOI:10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-6-20-26

References

1. Radiological Protection – Monitoring and Internal Dosimetry for Specific Materials. Part 1. Uranium. ISO 16638-1:2015 (E).

2. Stradling N., Hodgson A., Ansoborlo E., Berard P., Etherington G., Fell T., LeGuen B. Anomalies between Radiological and Chemical Limits for Uranium after Inhalation by Workers and the Public. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2003. V.105, No. 1–4. P. 175–178.

3. The Royal Society. The Health Effects of Depleted Uranium Munitions: Summary. Document 6/02. March 2002. ISBN 0 85403 5753.

4. Нормы радиационной безопасности НРБ-99/2009. Гигиенические нормативы СП 2.6.1.2523-09. М. 2009. 100 с. [Radiation Safety Standards NRB-99/2009. Hygienic Standards SP 2.6.1.2523- 09. Moscow Publ., 2009. 100 p. (In Russ.)].

5. ICRP. Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides: Part 1. ICRP Publication 130. Ann. ICRP. 2015;44;2.

6. ICRP. Nuclear Decay Data for Dosimetric Calculations. ICRP Publication 107. Ann. ICRP. 2008;38;3.

7. ICRP. Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides: Part 3. ICRP Publication 137. Ann. ICRP. 2017;46;3/4.

8. ICRP. Human Alimentary Tract Model for Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 100. Ann. ICRP. 2006;36;1-2.

9. ICRP. Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 66. Ann. ICRP. 1994;24;1-3.

10. ICRP. Basic Anatomical and Physiological Data for Use in Radiological Protection Reference Values. ICRP Publication 89. Ann. ICRP. 2002;32;3-4.

 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 20.07.2023. Accepted for publication: 27.08.2023.