Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023. Vol. 68. № 1

DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-25-33

V.G. Barchukov, O.A. Kochetkov, V.N. Klochkov, N.A. Eremina, P.P. Surin,
A.A. Maximov, D.I. Kabanov, V.K. Velichko, N.A. Bogdanenko, Zh.I. Alsagaev

Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Environment
under Normal Conditions of Operating of Kurskaya Nuclear Power Plant 

A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia

Contact person: V.G. Barchukov, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: ¹⁴C is one of the fifteen radionuclides that account for at least 99 % of the radiation dose to the critical group of the population from NPP emission sources. The continuous growth of the total capacity of operating NPPs leads to a significant increase in the amount of ¹⁴С emitted into the environment during NPP operation. Efficient capture and disposal of ¹⁴C, which has a half-life of 5760 years, is a very laborious undertaking. At the same time, due to the high mobility of this radionuclide, local foci of contamination with ¹⁴C can appear both near the NPP at a distance of 1–2 km from its ventilation pipe, and in soil and plants located at a distance of 20–30 km from the NPP due to the transfer of air masses. Therefore, the control of the formation of ¹⁴C during the operation of nuclear power plants, its content in emissions and discharges of nuclear power plants, as well as distribution in the environment is an urgent problem today.

Purpose: Analysis of the environmental pollution due to emissions and discharges of radiocarbon from the Kurskaya nuclear power plant.

Material and methods: During the research, a method being developed by specialists of the Laboratory for Radiation Safety of Personnel was used to determine the specific activity of ¹⁴C in soil and vegetation. To explore the ¹⁴C content in the air, the method of bubbling air through a TASC-HT-HTO-C-14 flow meter-sampler (Overhoff technology, USA) and the method of air conditioning through a Ballu BDH-15L air dryer (Ballu, Russia) were used. To prepare counting samples from selected soil and food samples, a method based on the combustion of selected samples in a Pyrolyser-6 Trio catalytic decomposition system was used. All prepared counting samples, including samples from surface water and biosubstrate of the personnel of the Kursk NPP and the population, were measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry on a Tri-Carb 3180 TR/SL alpha, beta spectrometer.

Results: On the basis of an integrated approach to assessing the content of ¹⁴C in air, water, soil and food, an analysis of the formation of environmental pollution due to emissions and discharges ¹⁴C from the Kurskaya NPP was carried out.

Conclusions: An increased content of the ¹⁴C radionuclide in soil samples, food products and vegetation in the area of the Kursk NPP with RBMK-1000 nuclear reactors is shown, both in comparison with the content of natural ¹⁴C and NPPs operating BN-600,800 and VVER-1000 nuclear reactors. The necessity of taking into account radiocarbon emissions from NPPs into the environment in the problem of optimizing the radiation protection of the population under the conditions of normal operation of NPPs is confirmed.

Keywords: radiocarbon, radiocarbon in soil, radiocarbon in vegetation, emission of radiocarbon, nuclear power plant

For citation: Barchukov VG, Kochetkov OA, Klochkov VN, Eremina NA, Surin PP, Maximov AA, Kabanov DI, Velichko VK, Bogdanenko NA, Alsagaev ZhI. Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Environment under Normal Conditions of Operating of Kurskaya Nuclear Power Plant. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;68(1):25–33. (In Russian). DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-25-33 

References

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 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

 Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Research concept – Barchukov V.G., Kochetkov O.A.

Data collection and processing – Eremina A.A., Surin P.P., Alsagaev Zh.I., Valery G. Barchukov, Valerya K.Velichko, Dmitryi I. Kabanov.

Text writing and editing – Eremina N.A., Klochkov V.N., Aleksei A. Maximov, Natalya A.Bogdanenko.

Article received: 20.09.2022. Accepted for publication: 25.11.2022.

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023. Vol. 68. № 1

DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-41-47

N.A. Metlyaeva, A.Yu. Bushmanov, I.A. Galstyan, O.V. Shcherbatykh, 
M.V. Konchalovsky, F.S. Torubarov, V.V. Korenykov

Toxic Pneumosclerosis as a Consequence of Chronic Plutonium Exposure

A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia

Contact person: N.A. Metlyaeva, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To assess toxic pneumosclerosis caused by inhalation intake of plutonium aerosols in a patient who worked in contact with plutonium at the Mayak Production Association from 1948–1954.

Material and methods: Patient Sh., born in 1924, higher education, at the age of 24, began working as a chemical engineer at MPO Mayak from 1948 to 1954 under conditions of increased occupational hazard of ionizing radiation (exposure to gamma rays and ingestion of plutonium aerosols). During her work, she received 389, 624 R: (1950 ‒ 83, 57; 1951 ‒ 187, 29; 1952 ‒ 70, 24; 1953 ‒ 48, 14). Carrying plutonium.

Results: А clinical description of toxic pneumosclerosis of a severe degree of a progressive course, caused by the intake of mainly transportable plutonium aerosols against the background of a combined effect of external relatively uniform gamma radiation, is given. The carriage of plutonium and its removal from the body were established and confirmed. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, the patient underwent pentacin inhalations in 2 stages for 3 days. The excretion of plutonium-239 in the urine increased to a maximum of 940 units / min ‒ 1150 units / min (06.04.1957‒06.06.1957) and 464 units / min (06.14.1957), in feces ‒ 308 units / min ‒ 252 units / min (06.07.1957‒ 06.11.1957) and 236 units / min (18.06.1957). The assessment of the amount and alpha activity of the received in the lungs, liver, bones, and other organs was carried out according to the biophysical study of the organs of the corpse of the patient Sh.

Conclusion: The clinical picture of the patient was determined by toxic plutonium pneumosclerosis of a severe degree of progressive course as a consequence of chronic exposure to plutonium. Hypoxia (hypoxemic and tissue). Pulmonary heart. Focal pneumonia. Upex lungs. Violation of the vasomotor and respiratory centers. Moderate oppression of hematopoiesis and asthenic syndrome as a consequence of chronic radiation sickness II degree. The disease progressed with damage to the main critical organs (lungs, liver, bones). The patient died from heart failure, which developed as a result of pneumosclerosis with symptoms of asphyxia.

Keywords: chronic radiation sickness, plutonium pneumosclerosis, carriage of plutonium-239, aerosols, hypoxia, hypoxemia

For citation: Metlyaeva NA, Bushmanov AYu, Galstyan IA, Shcherbatykh OV, Konchalovsky MV, Torubarov FS, Korenykov VV. Toxic Pneumosclerosis as a Consequence of Chronic Plutonium Exposure. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;68(1):41–47.
(In Russian). DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-41-47

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 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 20.09.2022. Accepted for publication: 25.11.2022.

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023. Vol. 68. № 1

DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-34-40

I.A. Galstian, A.Yu. Bushmanov, M.V. Konchalovsky, V.Yu. Nugis,
N.A. Metlyaeva, F.S. Torubarov, V.V. Korenkov, A.A. Davtian, D.A. Dubovoy

Features of the Dynamics of the Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
during the First Week in Combined Radiation-Mechanical Lesions

A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia

Contact person: I.A. Galstian, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

For a long time, the attention of researchers studying combined radiation-mechanical injuries (CRMI) has been focused on the study of individual syndromes: mechanical trauma and acute radiation syndrome. To diagnose and assess the severity of each syndrome, tests used for isolated injuries are recommended. However, the results of tests based on counting the number of different peripheral blood cells in an initially healthy person and in an injured patient who has experienced severe bleeding will be different. Accordingly, the assessment of the severity of developing acute radiation disease these patients will differ.

The possibility of predicting the severity of developing radiation injury in CRMI using a lymphatic test during the first week after exposure is also being evaluated. In this report, based on the literature data, the dynamics of the absolute number of lymphocytes in patients with multiple mechanical injuries is considered. 

The results of numerous clinical and experimental studies indicate that severe and multiple injuries, starting from the first hours and during the first week of observation, are characterized by instability of the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood with significant absolute lymphopenia on the first day. It is shown that the depth of lymphopenia and the rate of recovery of the number of lymphocytes to normal values depends on the severity of the mechanical injury. In addition, the deepening of lymphopenia is also caused by urgent medical measures that are standard in the provision of medical care for severe trauma with blood loss: massive infusion therapy and the appointment of corticosteroids.

Thus, the use of a lymphocytic test in CRMI to assess the radiation dose without taking into account the significance of the trauma suffered will lead to a false prognosis of the degree of developing acute radiation damage, as well as to the lack of differentiation between the effects of radiation and non-radiation factors, and, consequently, to errors in patient management tactics.

Keywords: combined radiation-mechanical lesions, acute radiation sickness, biodosimetry, lymphocytes, lymphocyte test

For citation: Galstian IA, Bushmanov AYu, Konchalovsky MV, Nugis VYu, Metlyaeva NA, Torubarov FS, Korenkov VV, Davtian AA, Dubovoy DA. Features of the Dynamics of the Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes during the First Week in Combined Radiation-Mechanical Lesions. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;68(1):34–40. (In Russian). DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-34-40

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 PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 20.09.2022. Accepted for publication: 25.11.2022.

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023. Vol. 68. № 1

DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-48-57

M.V. Osipov¹, F. Ria², P.S. Druzhinina³, M.E. Sokolnikov¹

Comparative Assessment of the Absorbed Doses Resulted
from Occupational Exposure and Computed Tomography

¹Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russia

²Duke University, North Caroline, Durham, US

³P.V. Ramzaev Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Contact person: M.V. Osipov, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

A comparative assessment of the absorbed doses resulted from computed tomography (CT) examinations, and the dose resulted from occupational external gamma exposure of the “Mayak” workers was carried out. The patients’ diagnostic radiation dose was reconstructed using Monte-Carlo simulation on a population of 58 virtual adult phantoms across 13 CT protocol categories. Archival records of CT examinations of patients were used for the dose reconstruction. Information on technical parameters of scanning was extracted from DICOM files. The study sample has been linked to the Mayak worker register database to identify persons who had professional contact with ionizing radiation. Annual occupational dose records for the Mayak workers were obtained from the Dose-2013 dosimetry system.

In this study, information on 212 patients was collected from 303 records. Among them, 42 Mayak employees were identified, including 24 persons who had non-zero dose of external gamma radiation, and 16 persons with internal alpha radiation dose due to occupational intake of ²³⁹Pu. Individual doses absorbed in the organs resulted from exposure to computed tomography and occupational activities has been compared.

The results showed significant variability of the absorbed organ dose depending on the area of CT examination. The brain and lens were subjected to the highest radiation exposure during head CT. The average absorbed dose in brain was 24.5 mGy per single examination (the maximum brain dose accumulated over the entire study period was 82.3 mGy), and 27.7 mGy for the lens of the eye (the maximum lens dose reached 92.9 mGy). 

Relevant comparison of the absorbed dose of diagnostic and occupational exposure, accumulated during one year, has been performed. The average estimate of cumulative radiation dose absorbed in the organs during computed tomography was an order of magnitude lower than the one from occupational external gamma exposure of Mayak personnel, except brain dose. Annual CT dose equivalent of external gamma radiation was 2.82.

Keywords: computed tomography, X-ray, occupational exposure, absorbed dose, “Mayak” PA, employees

For citation: Osipov MV, Ria F, Druzhinina PS, Sokolnikov ME. Comparative Assessment of the Absorbed Doses Resulted from Occupational Exposure and Computed Tomography. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2023;68(1):48–57. (In Russian). DOI: 10.33266/1024-6177-2023-68-1-48-57 

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Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Financing. The study had no sponsorship.

Contribution. Article was prepared with equal participation of the authors.

Article received: 20.09.2022. Accepted for publication: 25.11.2022.