Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2016. Vol. 61. No. 3. P. 76-80

L.A. Ilyin, I.K.Belyaev

Liquidation of Consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Ferrocyn Filter Cleaning Milk from ¹³⁷Cs

A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Retrospective-chronological analysis of the evidence on the development and the results of field tests of ferrocyne milk filters from ¹³⁷Cs in the areas contaminated with radionuclides after the Chernobyl accident.

Results: In 1988-1990 years ferrocyne filters were tested in 1556 private households in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Filter Prussian Blue fibrous material decrease the concentration of ¹³⁷Cs in milk up to 98.3 %.

Conclusion: Designed ferrocyne filters let you receive practically cleaned milk from radioactive cesium.

Key words: chernobyl accident, ¹³⁷Cs, milk, ferrocyn filter, navigation tests

REFERENCES

1. Il'in L.A. Osnovy zashchity organizma ot vozdeistviya radioaktivnykh veshchestv. Moscow: Atomizdat. 1977. 256 p. (In Russ.).
2. Ispol'zovanie berlinskoi lazuri dlya snizheniya urovnya zagryazneniya radioaktivnym tseziem moloka i myasa, proizvodimykh na territoriyakh, postradavshikh ot Chernobyl'skoi avarii. IAEATECDOC-926/R. Vienna: IAEA. 1997. 28 p. (In Russ.).
3. Il'in L.A., Borisov V.P., Ivannikov A.T. et al. Sposob polucheniya fil'tra dlya ochistki moloka ot radioaktivnogo tseziya v individual'nykh khozyaistvakh Avtorskaya zayavka 4636782/13, iskh. 2746 ot 27.01.1989. (In Russ.).
4. Il'in L.A., Borisov V.P., Ivannikov A.T. et al. Sposob primeneniya fil'tra dlya ochistki moloka ot radioaktivnogo tseziya v individual'nykh khozyaistvakh Avtorskaya zayavka 4636781/13, iskh. 2745 ot 27.01.1989. (In Russ.).
5. Likhtarev I.A., Korzun V.N., Repin V.S. et al. Protokol ispytanii effektivnosti dezaktivatsii nativno zagryaznennogo tseziem-137 moloka putem fil'tratsii cherez ionitnyi material s zakreplennym na nem ferrotsinom. VNTsRM AMN SSS. LenNIIRG. Novozybkov Bryanskoi obl. 1988. 4 p. (In Russ.).
6. Korzun V.N. Otchet po itogam ispytanii fil'trov dlya ochistki moloka ot radiotseziya v lichnykh khozyaistvakh (kratkii). Kiev. 1991. 8 p. (In Russ.).
7. Romanenko A.E., Korzun V.N., Il'in L.A. et al. Sposob dezaktivatsii moloka, zagryaznennogo radionuklidami tseziya. Gigiena i sanitariya. 1993. No. 9. P. 34-36. (In Russ.).
8. Il'in L.A. Realii i mify Chernobylya. Izd. 2-e. Moscow: ALARA Limited. 1996. 494 p. (In Russ.).
9. Korzun V.N. Measures for the minimization of inner irradiation dose of the population (literary review). Environ. Health. 2012. No. 1. P. 23-29.
10. Kutlakhmedov Yu.A., Matveeva I.V., Salivon A.G. et al. Issledovanie radioekologicheskikh protsessov metodami teorii nadezhnosti. Yaderna fizika ta energetika. 2012. Vol. 13. No. 3. P. 289-296. (In Russ.).
11. Zubareva, A.V. Kravtsov A.G., Korol' R.A. Ochistka moloka ot dolgozhivushchikh radionuklidov. Chrezvychainye situatsii: obrazovanie i nauka. 2012. Vol. 7. No. 2. P. 23-26. (In Russ.).
12. Kravtsov, A.G. Zubareva A.V., Zotov S.V., Nikitin A.N. Polimernye voloknistye meltblown materialy - sredstvo ochistki ot dolgozhivushchikh radionuklidov. Materialy, tekhnologii, instrumenty. 2013. Vol. 18. No. 2. P. 56-60. (In Russ.).
13. Zubareva A.V., Kravtsov A.G., Naumov A.D. et al. Patent BY 19279, MPK G21F 9/2 A 01J 9/10. 06.30. 2015. Sposob ochistki moloka ot dolgozhivushchikh radionuklidov. Zayavitel'. GNU Institut radiobiologii NAN Belarusi. (In Russ.).

For citation: Ilyin LA, Belyaev IK. Liquidation of Consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Ferrocyn Filter Cleaning Milk from ¹³⁷Cs. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2016;61(3):76-80. Russian.

PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2016. Vol. 61. No. 3. P. 62-67

A.R. Tukov, I.L. Shafransky, A.P. Birukov, O.N. Prokhorova

Industry Register of Persons Exposed to Radiation as a Result of the Chernobyl Accident

A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA, Moscow, Russia. e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Estimation of health liquidators of the Chernobyl accident. Estimation of risk of malignant tumors at doses of different types of ionizing radiation on humans.

Material and methods: The study was conducted with the use of a database of information of employees of enterprises and organizations GK “Rosatom”. For the calculation of risk was used professional exposure and doses which were received during 30 km zone.

Results: It shows a feature of the dynamics of morbidity of liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, as a “closed population”. It is shown in a study that the use of one of their parts of the total radiation dose of man, leads to obtaining of different levels of the risk of disease by cancer.

Conclusion: Feature incidence dynamics in the “closed” population must be considered in its interpretation and the development of preventive measures. Only the use of a total radiation dose can lead to obtaining of the correct results of evaluating the risk of the appearance of the radiation- induced diseases.

Key words: the register of the liquidators, the Chernobyl accident, risk of cancer, doses of different types of radiation, the total dose

REFERENCES

1. Kamiya K., Ozasa K., Akiba S. et al. Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health. Lancet. 2015. Vol. 1. No. 386. P. 469-478.
2. Kondo S. Rational risk estimation in relation to atomic bomb radiation. J. Radiat. Res. 1990. Vol. 31. No. 2. P. 174-188.
3. Muirhead C.R. Studies on the Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors, and their use in estimating radiation risks. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 2003. Vol. 104. No. 4. P. 331-335.
4. Kendall G.M., Mairhead C.R. MacGibbon B.H. The UK’s National Registry for Radiation Workers: first results. Nucl. Eng. 1993. Vol. 1. P. 2-3.
5. Muirhead C.R., Haylock R. Ionising radiation and occupational cancer in Britain. Br. J. Cancer. 2012. Vol. 107. No. 9. P. 1660-1661.
6. Wing S., Shy C.M., Wood G.L. et al. Mortality among workers of Oak Ridge National Laboratories - evidence of radiation effects in follow-up through 1984. J. Amer. Med. 1992. Vol. 304. P. 220-225.
7. Gribbin M.A., Weeks Y.L., Howe G.R. Cancer mortality (1956-1985) among male employees of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited with respect to occupational exposure to external low-linear-transfer ionizing radiational. Radiat. 1993. Vol. 133. P. 375-380.
8. Koshurnikova N.A., Shil'nikova N.S., Okatenko P.V. et al. Kharakteristika kogorty rabochikh atomnogo predpriyatiya PO «Mayak» (chast' 1). Voprosy radiats. bezopasnosti. 1998. No. 2. P. 46-55. (In Russ.).
9. Ivanov V.K., Tsyb A.F., Maksyutov M.A., Gorskii I.A. et al. Radiatsionno-epidemiologicheskii analiz dannykh RGMDR ot uchastnikov likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES. Atomnaya energiya. 1995. Vol. 78. Vyp. 2. P. 121-127. (In Russ.).
10. Tukov A.R., Dzagoeva L.G., Kleeva N.A. Zabolevaemost' lits, prinimavshikh uchastie v LPA. V sb.: «Chernobyl'skaya katastrofa: diagnostika i metodiko-psikhologicheskaya reabilitatsiya postradavshikh». Minsk. 1993. P. 110-111. (In Russ.).
11. Algazin A.I., Kiselev V.I., Shoikhet Ya.N. et al. Formirovanie registra lits, podvergshikhsya radiatsionnomu vozdeistviyu pri ispytanii yadernogo ustroistva na Semipalatinskom poligone 29 avgusta 1949 g. Vestnik nauchnoi programmy «Semipalatinskii poligon - Altai». 1996. No. 1. P. 57-67. (In Russ.).
12. Tukov A.R., Shafranskii I.L., Biryukov A.P., Fomin A.A. Sravnitel'nyi analiz riska pri radiatsionno-epidemiologicheskom issledovanii lits, prinimavshikh uchastie v likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na ChAES, s ispol'zovaniem razlichnykh vidov oblucheniya. radiol. i radiats. bezopasnost'. 2015. Vol. 60. No. 6. P. 27-33. (In Russ.).
13. Tukov A.R., Biryukov A.P., Shafranskii I.L. Ispol'zovaniya dannykh o dozakh razlichnogo vida oblucheniya v radiatsionnoi epidemiologii. Med. radiol. i radiats. bezopasnost'. 2014. Vol. 59. No. 1. P. 43-49. (In Russ.).

For citation: Tukov AR, Shafransky Il, Birukov AP, Prokhorova ON. Industry Register of Persons Exposed to Radiation as a Result of the Chernobyl Accident. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2016;61(3):62-7. Russian.

PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2016. Vol. 61. No. 3. P. 68-75

V.I. Rubtsov, V.N. Klochkov, L.I. Tuneeva, A.B. Trebukhin, A.V. Simakov, A.Yu. Nefedov, E.V. Klochkova

Use of Experience of Elimination of the Consequences of the Accident at the Chernobyl NPP for Developing the Personal Protection System and Equipment for the Staff and Rescuers at Radiation Accident

A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To analyze and summarize the experience of the staff personal protection during rectification of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP, and to define the main areas of improving the personal protection system and equipment (PPE) for the usage at potential radiation accidents.

Material and methods: This work analyzes the results of the authors’ long-term research and literature data on the specifics of work conditions at rectification of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP in 1986–1987, and positive and negative results of using particular PPE.

Results: Main conclusions on the specifics of the staff personal protection during rectification of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP are provided. Using experience of rectification of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP? The experts of the A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center in collaboration with special organizations have developed and implemented new models of high-efficient PPE: various insulating suits, respirators protecting from radioactive aerosols and radioactive iodine compounds, additional special cloth made from polymeric laminated materials. The actual regulatory and procedural base of PPE for the enterprise staff and accident rescue units in nuclear industry, as well as training and reference literature have been created.

Conclusion: The extreme work conditions during rectification of the consequences of this accident were a very good ground for evaluating positive and negative aspects of personal protection. For 30 years the objective analysis of the results of using PPE in the Chernobyl NPP area allows to find optimal solutions at creation of new PPE and developing various aspects of the staff personal protection under radiation accident conditions.

Key words: personal protective equipment, accident at the Chernobyl NPP, “Lepestok” respirator, insulating suit, decontamination

REFERENCES

1. Gorodinskii S.M. Sredstva individual'noi zashchity dlya rabot s radioaktivnymi veshchestvami. Moscow: Atomizdat. 1979. (In Russ.).
2. Petryanov I.V., Basmanov P.I., Shatskii S.N. et al. Lepestok (Legkie respiratory). Moscow: Nauka. 1984. 216 p. (In Russ.).
3. Metodicheskoe rukovodstvo po individual'noi zashchite personala atomnykh stantsii. V sb.: «Metodicheskoe rukovodstvo po individual'noi zashchite personala atomnykh stantsii i fiziologo-gigienicheskie trebovaniya k izoliruyushchim sredstvam individual'noi zashchity». Moscow: Energoatomizdat. 1986. P. 4–32. (In Russ.).
4. Fiziologo-gigienicheskie trebovaniya k izoliruyushchim sredstvam individual'noi zashchity. V sb.: «Metodicheskoe rukovodstvo po individual'noi zashchite personala atomnykh stantsii i fiziologo-gigienicheskie trebovaniya k izoliruyushchim sredstvam individual'noi zashchity». Moscow: Energoatomizdat. 1986. P. 33–47. (In Russ.).
5. Rubtsov V.I., Klochkov V.N. K shestidesyatiletiyu laboratorii sredstv individual'noi zashchity personala opasnykh proizvodstv. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2013. No. 5. P. 75–81. (In Russ.).
6. Simakov A.V. O primenenii svintsa dlya individual'noi zashchity ot vneshnego gamma-izlucheniya pri rabotakh po likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES. V sb.: «Meditsinskie aspekty likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES». Moscow: TsNIIAtominform. 1993. P. 169–170. (In Russ.).
7. Simakov A.V., Tarasenko F.Yu., Fomin G.F. Radiatsionnaya obstanovka i otsenka doz oblucheniya voennosluzhashchikh, vypolnyavshikh raboty po dezaktivatsii krovli zdanii Chernobyl'skoi AES. V sb.:«Meditsinskie aspekty likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES». Moscow: TsNIIAtominform. 1993. P. 22–29. (In Russ.).
8. Radiatsionnaya zashchita personala i naseleniya v avariinoi situatsii. V sb.: «Chernobyl'. Pyat' trudnykh let». Sbornik materialov o rabotakh po likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na ChAES v 1986–1990 gg. Moscow: IzdAT. 1992. P. 87–91. (In Russ.).
9. Radiatsionnaya meditsina. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei issledovatelei, organizatorov zdravookhraneniya i spetsialistov po radiatsionnoi bezopasnosti. Pod red. L.A. Il'ina. Moscow: Publ. IzdAT. 2002. Vol. 3. P. 335. (In Russ.).
10. Sbornik instruktivno-metodicheskikh materialov. Moscow. Minzdrav SSSR. 1986. (In Russ.).
11. Individual'naya zashchita personala pri likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES. Moscow: IBF MZ SSSR. 1987. (In Russ.).
12. Informatsiya ob avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES i ee posledstviyakh, podgotovlennaya dlya MAGATE. Atomnaya energiya. 1986. Vol. 61. Issue 5. P. 301–320. (In Russ.).
13. Tekhnicheskii reglament Tamozhennogo soyuza «O bezopasnosti sredstv individual'noi zashchity» TR TS 019/2011. (In Russ.).
14. SanPiN 2.2.8.48-03. Sredstva individual'noi zashchity organov dykhaniya personala radiatsionno opasnykh proizvodstv. (In Russ.).
15. Tipovoi tabel' osnashcheniya sredstvami individual'noi zashchity avariino-spasatel'nykh formirovanii Goskorporatsii «Rosatom». Moscow: FMBTs im. A.I. Burnazyana FMBA Rossii. 2008. 94 p. (In Russ.).

For citation: Rubtsov VI, Klochkov VN, Tuneeva LI, Trebukhin AB, Simakov AV, Nefedov AYu, Klochkova E.V. Use of Experience of Elimination of the Consequences of the Accident at the Chernobyl NPP for Developing the Personal Protection System and Equipment for the Staff and Rescuers at Radiation Accident. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2016;61(3):68-75. Russian.

PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)

Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2016. Vol. 61. No. 3. P. 52-61

V.P. Kryuchkov, L.A. Illyin, O.A. Kochetkov, A.G. Tsovyanov

Official and Real Doses of Participants of Elimination of Consequences of the Accident at the Chernobyl NPP

A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Identification and justification of the discrepancy between “official” individual doses and real doses of Chernobyl liquidators, by analyzing individual doses to the red bone marrow reconstructed by RADRUE method.

Material and methods: The study was carried out by analysis of the data for the dose to the red bone marrow, reconstructed by RADRUE and information from questionnaires of liquidators whose doses were reconstructed by this method. Dose distributions of military liquidators and professionals in the nuclear industry were compared.

Results: The artifact character of the distribution for military liquidators was shown. RADRUE method demonstrated its applicability on two samples of doses of the liquidators with high confidence in their reliability: patients of 6th clinical hospital and personnel of US-605, lived in Obninsk after liquidation of consequences of the accident at Chernobyl NPP. Reconstructed doses were close to those predicted in 1995 by L.A. Il’in et al. On average, they were lower than the values of the “official” doses, but the percentage of exceedance of emergency limit of the dose (250 mGy in 1986) was higher than for the “official” doses through wider distribution of doses measured by RADRUE.

Conclusion: The results of the comparison of official doses and doses, reconstructed by RADRUE method show the fallibility of the “official” doses contained in the National Medical and Dosimetric Registry. Revision of epidemiological assessments made on the basis of dosimetric data contained these registers is needed. RADRUE method showed its applicability in the retrospective assessment of doses of liquidators and in the verification of the “official” doses, and has been in use in the international epidemiological studies already for 16 years.

Key words: RADRUE method, liquidators, dosimetry, external irradiation, the accident at the Chernobyl NPP

REFERENCES

1. Ivanov V.K., Tsyb A.F., Ivanov S.I. Likvidatory chernobyl'skoi katastrofy: radiatsionno-epidemiologicheskii analiz meditsinskikh posledstvii. Moscow: Galanis. 1999. 312 p. (In Russ.).
2. Il'in L.A., Kryuchkov V.P., Osanov D.P., Pavlov D.A. Urovni oblucheniya uchastnikov likvidatsii posledstvii Chernobyl'skoi avarii v 1986-1987 gg. i verifikatsiya dozimetricheskikh dannykh. Biol. Radioekologiya. 1995. Vol. 35. No. 6. P. 803-828. (In Russ.).
3. Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmers. Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum Expert Group “Health” (EGH). 2006.
4. Kryuchkov V., Chumak V., Maceika E. et al. RADRUE method for reconstruction of external photon doses for Chernobyl liquidators in epidemiological studies. Health Phys. 2009. Vol. 97. No. 4. P. 275-298.
5. Kryuchkov V.P., Kochetkov O.A., Tsov'yanov A.G. et al. Avariya na ChAES: dozy oblucheniya uchastnikov LPA na ChAES, avariinyi kontrol', retrospektivnaya otsenka. Moscow. 2011. (In Russ.).
6. Pyatkin E.K., Nugis V.Yu., Chirkov A.A. Otsenka pogloshchennoi dozy po rezul'tatam tsitogeneticheskikh issledovanii kul'tur limfotsitov u postradavshikh pri avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES. Med. radiol. 1989. Vol. 34. No. 6. P. 51-57. (In Russ.).
7. Chumak V.V., Krjuchkov V.P. Problem of verification of Chernobyl dosimetric registries. Pages I-545 to I-552. Technologies for the New Century. Proc. 1998 ANS Radiation Protection and Shielding Topical Conference. April 19-23. 1998. Amer. Soc., La Grange Park. Illinois. 1998.
8. UNSCEAR Report to the General Assembly. Annex J: Exposures and effects of the Chernobyl accident. UN. New York. 2000.
9. Kryuchkov V.P., Kochetkov O.A., Tsov'yanov A.G. Radiatsionno-dozimetricheskie aspekty likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES. V.G. Asmolova, O.A., Kochetkova (eds). Moscow: IzdAt. 2011. (In Russ.).
10. Normy radiatsionnoi bezopasnosti NRB-76. Moscow: Atomizdat. 1978. (In Russ.).
11. Bouville A., Anspaugh L., Beebe G.W. What is desirable and feasible in dose reconstruction for application in epidemiological studies. In: “The radiobiological consequences on the Chernobyl accident.” Proc. of the first Internat. Conf. Minsk. Belarus. 18-22 March 1996. Brussels-Luxembourg. 1996. P. 995-1002.
12. Mohandas Bhat. Electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tooth dosimetry, a tool for validation of retrospective doses: an end-user perspective. 6th Internat. Sym. on ESR Dosimetry and Applications. Campos do Jordao. Sao Paulo. Brazil. 12-16 October 2003.
13. Tsyb A.F., Ivanov V.K., Airapetov S.A. et al. «Radiatsiya i risk» Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo mediko-dozimetricheskogo registra. Issue 2. 1992. (In Russ.).
14. Pitkevich V.A., Ivanov V.K., Chekin S.Yu., Tsyb A.F. K voprosu o luchevykh nagruzkakh na uchastnikov LPA na ChAES, zanesennykh v Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi mediko-dozimetricheskii registr. Radiats. biologiya. Radioekologiya. 1996, Vol. 36. Issue 5. P. 747-757. (In Russ.).
15. Il'in L.A., Kryuchkov V.P., Osanov D.P., Pavlov D.A. Otvet na pis'mo v redaktsiyu V.A. Pitkevicha, V.K. Ivanova, S.Yu. Chekina, A.F. Tsyba «K voprosu o luchevykh nagruzkakh na uchastnikov LPA na ChAES, zanesennykh v Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi mediko-dozimetricheskii registr». Radiats. biologiya. Radioekologiya. 1998. Vol. 38. Issue 1. P. 126-133. (In Russ.).
16. Il'in L.A. Realii i mify Chernobylya. Izd. 2-e. Moscow: ALARA Limited. 1996. 494 p. (In Russ.).
17. Chvyrev V.G., Kolobov V.I. Organizatsiya sanitarno-gigienicheskikh meropriyatii v voiskakh pri likvidatsii posledstvii Chernobyl'skoi katastrofy v 1986. Voenno-med. zhurnal. 1996. Vol. 317. No. 4. P. 4-7. (In Russ.).
18. Chernobyl': katastrofa, podvig, uroki i vyvody. Moscow. Inter-Vesy. 1996. (In Russ.).

For citation: Kryuchkov VP, Illyin LA, Kochetkov OA, Tsovyanov AG. Official and Real Doses of Participants of Elimination of Consequences of the Accident at the Chernobyl NPP. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2016;61(3):52-61. Russian.

PDF (RUS) Full-text article (in Russian)